thick ( th¹k) adj. thick·er thick·est 1. a. Relatively great in extent from one surface to the opposite, usually in the smallest solid dimension; not thin: a thick board. b. Measuring a specified number of units in this dimension: two inches thick. 2. Heavy in form, build, or stature; thickset: a thick neck. 3. Having component parts in a close, crowded state or arrangement; dense: a thick forest. 4. Having or suggesting a heavy or viscous consistency: thick tomato sauce. 5. Having a great number; abounding: a room thick with flies. 6. Impenetrable by the eyes: a thick fog. 7. a. Not easy to hear or understand; indistinctly articulated: the thick speech of a drunkard. b. Producing indistinctly articulated sounds: the thick tongues of barbarians. 8. Noticeably affecting sound; conspicuous: a thick brogue. 9. Informal Lacking mental agility; stupid. 10. Informal Very friendly; intimate: thick friends. 11. Informal Going beyond what is tolerable; excessive. adv. 1. In a thick manner; deeply or heavily: Seashells lay thick on the beach. 2. In a close, compact state or arrangement; densely: Dozens of braids hung thick from the back of her head. 3. So as to be thick; thickly: Slice the bread thick for the best French toast. n. 1. The thickest part. 2. The most active or intense part: in the thick of the fighting.

Idioms: thick and thin 1. Good and bad times: They remained friends through thick and thin. [Middle English thicke from Old English thicce; See tegu- in Indo-European Roots.] thick "ish adj. thick "ly adv.

tegu- . An important derivative is: thick Thick. I. THICK , from Old English thicce , thick, from Germanic *thiku- .[ Pokorny tegu- 1057. ]

scop ( sh½p) n. 1. An Old English poet or bard. [Old English]

scot ( sc¼t) n. 1. Money assessed or paid. [Middle English tax partly from Old Norse skot and partly from Old French escot of Germanic origin; See skeud- in Indo-European Roots.]

Scot ( sk¼t) n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Scotland. 2. A member of the ancient Gaelic tribe that migrated to the northern part of Britain from Ireland in about the sixth century A.D. See note at Scottish . [From Middle English Scottes Scotsmen from Old English Scottas Scotsmen, Irishmen from Late Latin Scottº Irishmen]

skeud- . Important derivatives are: shoot shot 1 shut shuttle sheet 1 scuttle 1 To shoot, chase, throw. I. 1. SHOOT , from Old English sc ¶otan, to shoot, from Germanic *skeutan , to shoot. 2. a. SHOT 1 , from Old English sceot , scot , shooting, a shot; b. SCHUSS , from Old High German scuz , shooting, a shot; c. SCOT , ( SCOT AND LOT ), from Old Norse skot and Old French escot , contribution, tax ( < " money thrown down "); d. WAINSCOT , from Middle Dutch sc(h)ot , crossbar, wooden partition. a, b, c, and d all from Germanic *skutaz , shooting, shot. 3. SHUT , from Old English scyttan , to shut (by pushing a crossbar), probably from Germanic *skutjan . 4. SHUTTLE , from Old English scytel , a dart, missile, from Germanic *skutilaz . 5. a. SHEET 2 , from Old English sc ¶ata, corner of a sail; b. SHEET 1 , from Old English sc ¶te, piece of cloth. Both a and b from Germanic *skautj ½n-. 6. a. SCOUT 2 , from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse sk ¿ta, mockery ( < " shooting of words "); b. SHOUT , from Old Norse sk ¿ta, a taunt. Both a and b from Germanic *skut- .[ Pokorny 2. (s)keud- 956. ]

scow ( skou) n. Nautical 1. A large flatbottomed boat with square ends, used chiefly for transporting freight. [Dutch schouw from Middle Dutch scouwe]

shod ( sh¼d) v. 1. Past tense and a past participle of shoe .

shoe ( sh›) n. 1. A durable covering for the human foot, made of leather or similar material with a rigid sole and heel, usually extending no higher than the ankle. 2. A horseshoe. 3. A part or device that is located at the base of something or that functions as a protective covering, as: a. A strip of metal fitted onto the bottom of a sled runner. b. The base for the supports of the superstructure of a bridge. c. The ferrule on the end of a cane. d. The casing of a pneumatic tire. 4. A device that retards or stops the motion of an object, as the part of a brake that presses against the wheel or drum. 5. The sliding contact plate on an electric train or streetcar that conducts electricity from the third rail. 6. A chute, as for conveying grain from a hopper. 7. Games A case from which playing cards are dealt one at a time. 8. shoes Informal a. Position; status: You would understand my decision if you put yourself in my shoes. b. Plight: I wouldn't want to be in her shoes. n. attributive. 1. Often used to modify another noun: shoe polish; a shoe shop. v. tr. shod ( sh¼d) shod or shod·den ( sh¼d"n) shoe·ing shoes 1. To furnish or fit with a shoe or shoes. 2. To cover with a wooden or metal guard to protect against wear.

Idioms: the shoe is on the other foot Informal 1. The circumstances have been reversed; an unequal relationship has been inverted. wait for the other shoe to drop Slang 1. To defer action or decision until another matter is finished or resolved. [Middle English from Old English sc½h]

shoe ( sh›) n. 1. A durable covering for the human foot, made of leather or similar material with a rigid sole and heel, usually extending no higher than the ankle. 2. A horseshoe. 3. A part or device that is located at the base of something or that functions as a protective covering, as: a. A strip of metal fitted onto the bottom of a sled runner. b. The base for the supports of the superstructure of a bridge. c. The ferrule on the end of a cane. d. The casing of a pneumatic tire. 4. A device that retards or stops the motion of an object, as the part of a brake that presses against the wheel or drum. 5. The sliding contact plate on an electric train or streetcar that conducts electricity from the third rail. 6. A chute, as for conveying grain from a hopper. 7. Games A case from which playing cards are dealt one at a time. 8. shoes Informal a. Position; status: You would understand my decision if you put yourself in my shoes. b. Plight: I wouldn't want to be in her shoes. n. attributive. 1. Often used to modify another noun: shoe polish; a shoe shop. v. tr. shod ( sh¼d) shod or shod·den ( sh¼d"n) shoe·ing shoes 1. To furnish or fit with a shoe or shoes. 2. To cover with a wooden or metal guard to protect against wear.

Idioms: the shoe is on the other foot Informal 1. The circumstances have been reversed; an unequal relationship has been inverted. wait for the other shoe to drop Slang 1. To defer action or decision until another matter is finished or resolved. [Middle English from Old English sc½h]

shoo ( sh›) interj. 1. Used to frighten away animals or birds. v. tr. shooed shoo·ing shoos 1. To drive or frighten away by or as if by crying " shoo."

shop ( sh¼p) n. 1. Also shoppe A small retail store or a specialty department in a large store. 2. An atelier; a studio. 3. A place for manufacturing or repairing goods or machinery. 4. A commercial or industrial establishment: a printing shop. 5. A business establishment; an office or a center of activity. 6. A home workshop. 7. a. A schoolroom fitted with machinery and tools for instruction in industrial arts. b. The industrial arts as a technical science or course of study. v. shopped shop·ping shops v. intr. 1. To visit stores in search of merchandise or bargains. 2. To look for something with the intention of acquiring it. v. tr. 1. To visit or buy from (a particular store).

Phrasal Verbs: shop around 1. To go from store to store in search of merchandise or bargains. 2. To look for something, such as a better job. 3. To offer (a large block of common stock, for example) for sale to various parties: " [The company] is now actively being shopped around, with a prospectus in circulation " Marianne Yen

Idioms: talk shop 1. To talk about one's work. [Middle English shoppe from Old English sceoppa treasure house]

shot 1 ( sh¼t) n. 1. The firing or discharge of a weapon, such as a gun. 2. The distance over which something is shot; the range. 3. a. An attempt to hit a target with a projectile: His shot at the bear missed by inches. b. An attempt to reach a target with a rocket: a moon shot. 4. a. Sports An attempt to score in a game, as in soccer or hockey. b. Baseball A home run. 5. Sports Games a. The flight or path of a projectile in a game. b. A stroke in a game, as in golf or billiards. 6. A pointed or critical remark. 7. Informal a. An attempt; a try: took a shot at losing weight. b. A guess. c. An opportunity: gave him a fair shot at the part in the play. d. A chance at odds; something to bet on: The horse was a four-to-one shot. 8. a. A solid projectile designed to be discharged from a firearm or cannon. b. pl. shot Such projectiles considered as a group. c. pl. shot Tiny lead or steel pellets, especially ones used in a shotgun cartridge. d. One of these pellets. 9. Sports The heavy metal ball that is put for distance in the shot put. 10. One who shoots in a particular way: a good shot with the rifle and the bow. 11. a. A charge of explosives used in blasting mine shafts. b. A detonation of an explosive charge. 12. a. A photographic view or exposure: got a good shot of that last model. b. A developed photographic image. c. A single cinematic view or take. 13. a. A hypodermic injection. b. A small amount given or applied at one time: a shot of oxygen. 14. A drink, especially a jigger of liquor. 15. An amount to be paid, as for drinks; a bill. 16. Nautical A length of chain equal to 15 fathoms (90 feet) in the United States and 12 !/2 fathoms (75 feet) in Great Britain. v. tr. shot·ted shot·ting shots 1. To load or weight with shot.

Idioms: like a shot 1. Very quickly. shot in the arm Informal 1. Something that boosts one's spirits. shot in the dark Informal 1. A wild, unsubstantiated guess. 2. An attempt that has little chance of succeeding. [Middle English from Old English sceot, scot; See skeud- in Indo-European Roots.]

shot 2 ( sh¼t) v. 1. Past tense and past participle of shoot . adj. 1. a. Of changeable or variegated color; iridescent. b. Streaked or flecked with or as if with yarn of a different color: a blue suit shot with purple; a forest glade that was shot with sunlight. c. Interspersed or permeated with a distinctive quality: Her apology was shot with irony. 2. Informal Worn-out; ruined.

shoot ( sh›t) v. shot ( sh¼t) shoot·ing shoots v. tr. 1. a. To hit, wound, or kill with a missile fired from a weapon. b. To remove or destroy by firing or projecting a missile: shot out the window. c. To make (a hole, for example) by firing a weapon. 2. To fire or let fly (a missile) from a weapon. 3. a. To discharge (a weapon). b. To detonate or cause to explode: shot off a firecracker. 4. To inject (a drug, for example) with a hypodermic syringe. 5. To throw out or release (a fishing line, for example). 6. a. To send forth suddenly, intensely, or swiftly: The burning building shot sparks onto the adjacent roof. He shot an angry look at me. b. To emit (a ray or rays of light or another form of energy). c. To utter (sounds or words) forcefully, rapidly, or suddenly: She shot a retort to the insult. d. Slang To give, send, or hand quickly: Shoot me that stapler. 7. Informal To spend, use up, or waste: They shot their savings on a new boat. 8. To pass over or through swiftly: shooting the rapids. 9. To cover (country) in hunting for game. 10. To record on film: shot the scene in one take. 11. To cause to project or protrude; extend: shot out her arm to prevent the bottle from falling. 12. To begin to grow or produce; put forth. 13. To pour, empty out, or discharge down or as if down a chute: shot gravel into the hole. 14. Sports Games a. To throw or propel (a ball, marble, or other projectile in a game) in a specific direction or toward the objective. b. To accomplish (the objective) of a game involving projectiles; score (a point, basket, stroke, or goal). c. To play (a game involving projectiles or dice, such as golf, craps, or pool). d. To attain (a given score) in golf. e. To throw (the dice or a given score) in craps. 15. To slide (the bolt of a lock) into or out of its fastening. 16. To plane (the edge of a board) straight. 17. To variegate (colored cloth) by interweaving weft threads of a different color. 18. To measure the altitude of with a sextant or other instrument: shot the star. v. intr. 1. To discharge a missile from a weapon. 2. To discharge or fire; go off. 3. a. To gush or spurt: Water shot out of the geyser. b. To appear suddenly: The sun shot through a break in the clouds. 4. To move swiftly; dart. 5. To be felt moving or as if moving in the body: Pain shot through my lower leg. 6. To protrude; project: The headland shoots far out into the sea. 7. To engage in hunting or the firing of weapons, especially for sport: is shooting in Scotland during the fall. 8. To put forth new growth; germinate. 9. a. To take pictures. b. To begin filming a scene in a movie. 10. Sports Games To propel a ball or other object toward the goal or in a specific direction or manner. 11. Games To throw dice. 12. Slang To begin talking. Often used in the imperative: I know you have something to tell me, so shoot! 13. To slide into or out of a fastening. Used of the bolt of a lock. n. 1. The motion or movement of something that is propelled, driven, or discharged. 2. a. The young growth arising from a germinating seed; a sprout. b. A bud, young leaf, or other new growth on a plant. 3. A narrow, swift, or turbulent section of a stream. 4. a. The act of discharging a weapon or letting fly a missile. b. Informal The launching of a rocket or similar missile. 5. a. An organized shooting activity, such as a skeet tournament or hunt. b. A round of shots in a contest with firearms. 6. a. A photographic assignment or session. b. A cinematographic session. 7. The distance a shot travels; the range. 8. Nautical The interval between strokes in rowing. 9. A sharp twinge or spasm of pain. 10. An inclined channel for moving something; a chute. 11. A body of ore in a vein. interj. 1. Used to express surprise, mild annoyance, or disappointment.

Phrasal Verbs: shoot down 1. To bring down (an aircraft, for example) by hitting and damaging with gunfire or a missile. 2. Informal To ruin the aspirations of; disappoint. 3. Informal a. To put an end to; defeat: shot down the proposal. b. To expose as false; discredit: shot down his theory. shoot for or shoot at Informal 1. To strive or aim for; have as a goal. shoot up 1. Informal To grow or get taller rapidly. 2. To increase dramatically in amount. 3. To riddle with bullets. 4. To damage or terrorize (a town, for example) by intense or random gunfire. 5. Slang To inject a drug with a hypodermic syringe.

Idioms: shoot from the hip Slang 1. To act or speak on a matter without forethought. shoot off (one's) mouth or shoot off (one's) face Slang 1. To speak indiscreetly. 2. To brag; boast. shoot (one's) bolt Slang 1. To do all within one's power; exhaust all of one's resources or capabilities. shoot straight 1. To talk or deal honestly. shoot the bull Slang 1. To spend time talking; talk idly. shoot the works Informal 1. To expend all of one's efforts or capital. [Middle English shoten from Old English sc¶otan;See skeud- in Indo-European Roots.] shoot "er n.

skeud- . Important derivatives are: shoot shot 1 shut shuttle sheet 1 scuttle 1 To shoot, chase, throw. I. 1. SHOOT , from Old English sc ¶otan, to shoot, from Germanic *skeutan , to shoot. 2. a. SHOT 1 , from Old English sceot , scot , shooting, a shot; b. SCHUSS , from Old High German scuz , shooting, a shot; c. SCOT , ( SCOT AND LOT ), from Old Norse skot and Old French escot , contribution, tax ( < " money thrown down "); d. WAINSCOT , from Middle Dutch sc(h)ot , crossbar, wooden partition. a, b, c, and d all from Germanic *skutaz , shooting, shot. 3. SHUT , from Old English scyttan , to shut (by pushing a crossbar), probably from Germanic *skutjan . 4. SHUTTLE , from Old English scytel , a dart, missile, from Germanic *skutilaz . 5. a. SHEET 2 , from Old English sc ¶ata, corner of a sail; b. SHEET 1 , from Old English sc ¶te, piece of cloth. Both a and b from Germanic *skautj ½n-. 6. a. SCOUT 2 , from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse sk ¿ta, mockery ( < " shooting of words "); b. SHOUT , from Old Norse sk ¿ta, a taunt. Both a and b from Germanic *skut- .[ Pokorny 2. (s)keud- 956. ]

show ( sh½) v. showed shown ( sh½n) or showed show·ing shows v. tr. 1. a. To cause or allow to be seen; display. b. To display for sale, in exhibition, or in competition: showed her most recent paintings. 2. To conduct; guide: showed them to the table. 3. To direct one's attention to; point out: show them the biggest squash in the garden. 4. To manifest (an emotion or a condition, for example); reveal: showed displeasure at his remark; a carpet that shows wear. 5. To permit access to (a house, for example) when offering for sale or rent. 6. To reveal (oneself) as in one's behavior or condition: The old boat showed itself to be seaworthy. 7. To indicate; register: The altimeter showed that the plane was descending. 8. a. To demonstrate by reasoning or procedure: showed that the hypothesis was wrong; a film that showed how to tune a piano. b. To demonstrate to by reasoning or procedure; inform or prove to: showed him how to fix the camera; showed her that it could really happen. 9. To grant; bestow: showed no mercy to the traitors. 10. Law To plead; allege: show cause. v. intr. 1. To be or become visible or evident. 2. Slang To make an appearance; show up: didn't show for her appointment. 3. a. To be exhibited publicly: What's showing at the movie theater tonight? b. To give a performance or present an exhibition. 4. Sports To finish third or better in a horserace or dog race. n. 1. A display; a manifestation: made a show of strength. 2. a. A trace or an indication, as of oil in a well. b. The discharge of bloody mucus from the vagina indicating the start of labor. c. The first discharge of blood in menstruation. 3. A false appearance; a pretense: only a show of kindness. 4. a. A striking appearance or display; a spectacle. b. A pompous or ostentatious display. 5. Display or outward appearance: This antique tea service is just for show. His smile was for show. 6. a. A public exhibition or entertainment. b. A radio or television program. c. A movie. d. A theatrical troupe or company. 7. Informal An affair or undertaking: ran the whole show. 8. Sports Third place at the finish, as in a horserace.

Phrasal Verbs: show off 1. To display or behave in an ostentatious or conspicuous way. show up 1. To be clearly visible. 2. To put in an appearance; arrive. 3. To expose or reveal the true character or nature of: showed their efforts up as a waste of time. 4. Informal To surpass, as in ability or intelligence.

Idioms: get the show on the road Slang 1. To get started. show (one's) hand 1. Games To display one's cards with faces up. 2. To state one's intentions or reveal one's resources, especially when previously hidden. show (one's) heels 1. To depart from quickly; flee. show (someone) a good time 1. To occupy (someone) with amusing things; entertain. [Middle English sheuen, shouen from Old English sc¶awian to look at, display; See keu- in Indo-European Roots.]

Synonyms: show display expose parade exhibit flaunt These verbs mean to present something to view. Show is the most general: The jeweler showed the necklace to the customer. " She hated to show her feelings " (John Galsworthy). Display often suggests an attempt to present something to best advantage: The dealer spread the rug out to display the pattern. " Few ‘ letters home ’ of successful men or women display the graces of modesty and self-forgetfulness " (H.G. Wells). Expose usually involves uncovering something or bringing it out from concealment: The excavation exposed a staggering number of Bronze Age artifacts. The term can often imply revelation of something better left concealed: His comment exposed his insensitivity. Parade usually suggests a pretentious or boastful presentation: " He early discovered that, by parading his unhappiness before the multitude, he produced an immense sensation " (Macaulay). Exhibit implies open presentation that invites inspection: " The works of art, by being publicly exhibited and offered for sale, are becoming articles of trade " (Prince Albert). Flaunt implies an unabashed, prideful, often arrogant display: " Every great hostelry flaunted the flag of some foreign potentate " (John Dos Passos). appear

keu- . Important derivatives are: hear acoustic show scavenger sheen Also … keu- To perceive, see, hear. O-grade form * …kou-. I. 1. Extended form *kous- . a. (i) HEAR , from Old English h ºeran, to hear; (ii) HEARKEN , from Old English he(o)rcnian , to harken. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *hausjan ; b. suffixed form * …kous-yo-. ACOUSTIC , from Greek akouein , to hear. 2. Variant *skou- . a. (i) SHOW , from Old English sc ¶awian, to look at; (ii) SCAVENGER , from Flemish scauwen , to look at; (iii) WELTANSCHAUUNG , from Old High German scouw ½n, to look at. (i), (ii) , and (iii) all from Germanic *skauw ½n; b. SCONE , from Middle Dutch schoon , beautiful, bright ( < " conspicuous, attractive "); c. SHEEN , from Old English sc ºene, bright, sheen, from Germanic *skauniz .[ Pokorny 1. keu- 587. ]

slob ( sl¼b) n. Informal 1. A person regarded as slovenly, crude, or obnoxious. [Irish Gaelic slab mud from Old Irish probably of Scandinavian origin Swedish dialectal slabb mud] slob "bish adj.

sloe ( sl½) n. 1. See blackthorn . 2. Either of two eastern North American plum trees or shrubs, Prunus alleghaniensis, having dark purple fruit, or P. americana, having yellow or red fruit. 3. The tart, plumlike fruit of either of these plants. [Middle English slo from Old English sl³;See sl º- in Indo-European Roots.]

sl º-. Derivatives are: sloe livid Bluish. I. Contracted from *sli …-. 1. O-grade form *sloi- . SLOE , from Old English sl ³h, sl ³, sloe ( < " bluish fruit "), from Germanic *slaihw ½n. 2. Suffixed form *sl º-wo-. LIVID , from Latin l ºv¶re, to be bluish. 3. Suffixed form *sl º-w³-. SLIVOVITZ , from Serbo-Croatian š ljìva, plum [ Pokorny (s)l º- 965. ]

slog ( sl¼g) v. slogged slog·ging slogs v. intr. 1. To walk or progress with a slow, heavy pace; plod: slog across the swamp; slogged through both volumes. 2. To work diligently for long hours: slogged away at Latin. v. tr. 1. To make (one's way) with a slow, heavy pace against resistance. 2. To strike with heavy blows. n. 1. A long, exhausting progress, march, or hike: a student's weary slog through Cicero; a slog through miles of jungle. 2. Long, hard work: an 18-hour slog in the hay fields. [Perhaps alteration of slug 3 ] slog "ger n.

slop 1 ( sl¼p) n. 1. Spilled or splashed liquid. 2. Soft mud or slush. 3. Unappetizing watery food or soup. 4. Often slops Waste food used to feed pigs or other animals; swill. 5. Often slops Mash remaining after alcohol distillation. 6. Often slops Human excrement. 7. Repulsively effusive writing or speech; drivel. v. slopped slop·ping slops v. intr. 1. To be spilled or splashed: Suds slopped over the rim of the washtub. 2. To spill over; overflow. 3. To walk heavily or messily in or as if in mud; plod: " He slopped along in broken slippers, hands in pockets, whistling " Alan Sillitoe 4. To express oneself effusively; gush. v. tr. 1. To spill (liquid). 2. To spill liquid on. 3. To serve unappetizingly or clumsily; dish out. 4. To feed slops to (animals). [Middle English sloppe a muddy place perhaps from Old English *sloppe dung, slime; See sleubh- in Indo-European Roots.]

slop 2 ( sl¼p) n. 1. slops Articles of clothing and bedding issued or sold to sailors. 2. slops Short, full trousers worn in the 16th century. 3. A loose outer garment, such as a smock or overalls. 4. slops Chiefly British Cheap, ready-made garments. [Middle English sloppe a kind of garment from Old English -slop ( in oferslop surplice) ;See sleubh- in Indo-European Roots.]

sleubh- . Important derivatives are: sleeve lubricate cowslip slop 1 sloop To slide, slip. I. Basic form *sleubh- . 1. SLEEVE , from Old English sl ¶f, sl ºf, sl ºef, sleeve (into which the arm slips), from Germanic *sleub- . 2. SLOVEN , from Middle Low German slôven , to put on clothes carelessly, from Germanic *slaubjan . 3. Suffixed form *sleubh-ro- . LUBRICATE , LUBRICITY , LUBRICIOUS , from Latin l ¿bricus, slippery. II. 1. a. SLIP 3 ; COWSLIP , OXLIP , from Old English slypa , slyppe , slipa , slime, slimy substance; b. SLOP 1 , from Old English *sloppe , dung; c. SLOP 2 , from Old English (ofer)slop , surplice. a, b, and c all from Germanic *slup- . 2. SLOOP , from Middle Dutch sl ¿pen, to glide. Both 1 and 2 from variant Germanic root form *sleup- .[ Pokorny sleub(h)- 963. ]

slot 1 ( sl¼t) n. 1. A narrow opening; a groove or slit: a slot for coins in a vending machine; a mail slot. 2. A gap between a main and an auxiliary airfoil to provide space for airflow and facilitate the smooth passage of air over the wing. 3. a. An assigned place in a sequence or schedule: a new time slot for a TV program. b. A position of employment in an organization or a hierarchy. 4. Computer Science A socket in a microcomputer that will accept a plug-in circuit board: expansion slots. v. tr. slot·ted slot·ting slots 1. To cut or make a slot or slots in. 2. To put into or assign to a slot. [Middle English hollow of the breastbone from Old French esclot]

slot 2 ( sl¼t) n. 1. The track or trail of an animal, especially a deer. [Obsolete French esclot horse's hoofprint from Old French perhaps from Old Norse sl½dh track]

slow ( sl½) adj. slow·er slow·est Abbr. sl. 1. a. Not moving or able to move quickly; proceeding at a low speed: a slow train; slow walkers. b. Marked by a retarded tempo: a slow waltz. 2. a. Taking or requiring a long time: the slow job of making bread. b. Taking more time than is usual: a slow worker; slow progress in the peace negotiations. 3. Registering a time or rate behind or below the correct one: a slow clock. 4. Lacking in promptness or willingness; not precipitate: They were slow to accept our invitation. 5. Characterized by a low volume of sales or transactions: Business was slow today. 6. Lacking liveliness or interest; boring: a slow party. 7. Not having or exhibiting intellectual or mental quickness: a slow learner. 8. Only moderately warm; low: a slow oven. adv. slower slowest 1. So as to fall behind the correct time or rate: The watch runs slow. 2. At a low speed: Go slow! v. slowed slow·ing slows v. tr. 1. To make slow or slower. 2. To delay; retard. v. intr. 1. To become slow or slower. [Middle English from Old English sl³w] slow "ly adv. slow "ness n.

Synonyms: slow dilatory leisurely laggard deliberate These adjectives mean taking more time than is usual or necessary. Slow is the least specific: slow speech; slow growth; a slow bus; a slow heartbeat; a slow but meticulous worker; slow to anger. Dilatory implies lack of promptness caused by delay, procrastination, or indifference: His credit suffered because he was dilatory in paying his bills. Leisurely suggests a relaxed lack of haste: We took a leisurely trip around Europe. Laggard implies hanging back or falling behind: " the horses' laggard pace " (Rudyard Kipling). Deliberate suggests a lack of hurry traceable especially to caution, need, self-restraint, or careful consideration, as of consequences: She went about her work in a systematic and deliberate manner. delay stupid

Usage Note: Slow may sometimes be used instead of slowly when it comes after the verb: We drove the car slow. In formal writing slowly is generally preferred. Slow is often used in speech and informal writing, especially when brevity and forcefulness are sought: Drive slow! Slow is also the established idiomatic form with certain senses of common verbs: The watch runs slow. Take it slow.

smog ( sm¼g, smôg ) n. 1. Fog that has become mixed and polluted with smoke. 2. A form of air pollution produced when sunlight causes hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides from automotive emissions to combine in a photochemical reaction. [ sm(oke) (f)og 1 ] smog "gy adj. smog "less adj.

Notes: Smog is so much a part of modern, industrialized life that it is difficult to realize that at one time neither smog nor the word for it existed. The word, of course, followed the phenomenon perhaps by half a century, for air pollution was noticed during the Industrial Revolution. The word smog is first recorded in 1905 in a newspaper report of a meeting of the Public Health Congress. Dr. H.A. des V÷ux gave a paper entitled " Fog and Smoke, " in which, in the words of the Daily Graphic of July 26, " he said it required no science to see that there was something produced in great cities which was not found in the country, and that was smoky fog, or what was known as ‘ smog.’" The next day the Globe remarked that " Dr. des V÷ux did a public service in coining a new word for the London fog. " Since Dr. des V÷ux's creation of this blend, much more has been learned about the composition of smog; unfortunately, it is still with us.

snob ( sn¼b) n. 1. One who overtly imitates, obsequiously admires, and offensively seeks to associate only with those one regards as one's superiors and who tends to rebuff or ignore altogether those one regards as one's inferiors: " A snob is someone who judges all things, from shoes and dinner parties to love and beauty, according to their social rating " Tom Wolfe 2. One who affects an offensive air of self-satisfied superiority in matters of taste or intellect. [Earlier snob cobbler, lower-class person, person who aspires to social prominence] snob "by adj.

Notes: Snobs look down at their inferiors, but at one time snobs looked up at their betters. The word snob, the ultimate origins of which are uncertain, is first found in 1781 in the sense " shoemaker, cobbler, " a regional and informal usage. The word is recorded around 1796 in a slang usage particular to Cambridge University, " a townsman as opposed to a gownsman. " Both senses may have fed into the sense first found in 1831, " a member of the ordinary or lower classes. " Along with this sense went another (1838), " a person without proper breeding or taste. " From these two senses arose the sense first recorded in 1848, " a person who looks up to his or her social betters and tries to copy or associate with them. " We can see how this sense could blend into the other familiar sense, " one who looks down on those considered inferior " (1911).

snot ( sn¼t) n. Vulgar Slang 1. Nasal mucus; phlegm. 2. A person regarded as annoying, arrogant, or impertinent. [Middle English from Old English gesnot]

snow ( sn½) n. 1. Frozen precipitation in the form of white or translucent hexagonal ice crystals that fall in soft, white flakes. 2. A falling of snow; a snowstorm. 3. Something resembling snow, as: a. The white specks on a television screen resulting from weak reception. b. Slang Cocaine. c. Slang Heroin. n. attributive. 1. Often used to modify another noun: the snow season; snow removal. v. snowed snow·ing snows v. intr. 1. To fall as or in snow. v. tr. 1. To cover, shut off, or close off with snow: We were snowed in. 2. Slang To overwhelm with insincere talk, especially with flattery.

Phrasal Verbs: snow under 1. To overwhelm: I was snowed under with work. 2. To defeat by a very large margin. [Middle English from Old English sn³w]

Snow ( sn½), C(harles) P(ercy) .Baron Snow of Leicester 1905-1980 1. British writer and scientist who is known especially for his 11-volume series Strangers and Brothers (1940-1970).

Snow College 1. 150 College Avenue, Ephraim, UT 84627; Public; 2,158

soon ( s›n) adv. soon·er soon·est 1. In the near future; shortly. 2. Without hesitation; promptly: came as soon as possible. 3. Before the usual or appointed time; early. 4. With willingness; readily: I'd as soon leave right now. 5. Obsolete Immediately.

Idioms: no sooner than 1. As soon as: No sooner was the frost off the ground than the work began. sooner or later 1. At some time; eventually: Sooner or later you will have to face the facts. [Middle English sone from Old English s½na immediately]

Usage Note: No sooner, as a comparative adverb, should be followed by than not when, as in these typical examples: No sooner had she come than the maid knocked. I had no sooner left than she called.

soot ( s‹t, s ›t) n. 1. The fine black particles, chiefly composed of carbon, produced by incomplete combustion of coal, oil, wood, or other fuels. [Middle English from Old English s½t;See sed- in Indo-European Roots.] soot v.

sed- . Important derivatives are: sit set 1 ersatz settle saddle soot seat séance sedentary sediment session siege assess dissident obsess possess preside reside subsidy supersede subside sedate 1 soil 1 chair To sit. I. 1. Suffixed form *sed-yo- . a. SIT , from Old English sittan , to sit; b. SITZ BATH , SITZKRIEG , SITZMARK , from Old High German sizzen , to sit. Both a and b from Germanic *sitjan . 2. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form *sod-eyo- . a. SET 1 , from Old English settan , to place; b. BESET , from Old English besettan , to set near; c. ERSATZ , from Old High German irsezzan , to replace, from sezzan , to set. a, b, and c all from Germanic *(bi-)satjan , to cause to sit, set. 3. Suffixed form *sed-lo- , seat. SETTLE , from Old English setl , seat, from Germanic *setlaz . 4. O-grade form *sod- . SADDLE , from Old English sadol , saddle, from Germanic *sadulaz , seat, saddle (perhaps from *sod-dhlo- ). 5. Suffixed lengthened o-grade form *s ½d-o-. SOOT , from Old English s ½t, soot ( < " that which settles "), from Germanic *s ½tam. 6. Suffixed lengthened-grade form s ¶d-i-, settler. COSSET , possibly from Old English s Æta, - s Æte, inhabitant(s), from Germanic *s ³ti-. 7. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *s ¶d-yo-. SEAT , from Old Norse sæti , seat, from Germanic *(ge)s ¶tjam, seat ( *ge- , *ga- , collective prefix; see kom ). 8. Form *sed- ¶-. SéANCE , SEDENTARY , SEDERUNT , SEDILE , SEDIMENT , SESSILE , SESSION , SEWER 2 , SIEGE ; ASSESS , ASSIDUOUS , DISSIDENT , ( INSESSORIAL ), INSIDIOUS , OBSESS , POSSESS , PRESIDE , RESIDE , SUBSIDY , SUPERSEDE , from Latin sed ¶re, to sit. 9. Reduplicated form *si-zd- . a. SUBSIDE , from Latin s ºdere, to sit down, settle; b. SYNIZESIS , from Greek hizein , to sit down, settle down. 10. Lengthened-grade form *s ¶d-. SEE 2 , from Latin s ¶d¶s, seat, residence. 11. Lengthened-grade form *s ¶d-³-. SEDATE 1 , from Latin s ¶d³re, to settle, calm down. 12. Suffixed o-grade form *sod-yo- . SOIL 1 , from Latin solium , throne, seat. 13. Suffixed form *sed-r ³-. -HEDRON ; CATHEDRA , ( CHAIR ), EPHEDRINE , EXEDRA , SANHEDRIN , TETRAHEDRON , from Greek hedra , seat, chair, face of a geometric solid. 14. Prefixed and suffixed form *pi-sed-yo- , to sit upon ( *pi , on; see epi ). PIEZO- ; ISOPIESTIC , from Greek piezein , to press tight. 15. Basic form *sed- . a. EDAPHIC , from Greek edaphos , ground, foundation (with Greek suffix -aphos ); b. UPANISHAD , from Sanskrit upani Ìad, Upanishad, from sad- ; c. TANIST , from Old Irish t ³naise, designated successor, from Celtic *t ³nihessio-, " one who is waited for, " from *to-ad-ni-sed-tio , from *to-ad-ni-sed- , to wait for. 16. Suffixed form *sed-o- , sitting. EISTEDDFOD , from Welsh eistedd , sitting, from Celtic *eks-d º-sedo- (see eghs , de- ). [ Pokorny sed- 884. ]

spot ( sp¼t) n. 1. A place of relatively small and definite limits. 2. a. A mark on a surface differing sharply in color from its surroundings. b. A stain or blot. 3. Games a. A mark or pip on a playing card; a spade, club, diamond, or heart. b. A playing card with a specified number of such marks on it indicating its value. 4. Informal A piece of paper money worth a specified number of dollars. 5. a. A location; a locale. b. A point of interest: There are a lot of spots to visit in the old city. c. A position or an item in an ordered arrangement. 6. Informal A situation, especially a troublesome one. 7. A flaw in one's reputation or character. 8. A short presentation or commercial on television or radio between major programs: a news spot. 9. Informal A spotlight. 10. pl. spot or spots A small croaker (Leiostomus xanthurus) of North American Atlantic waters, having a dark mark above each pectoral fin and valued as a food and sport fish. 11. Chiefly British A small amount; a bit. v. spot·ted spot·ting spots v. tr. 1. To cause a spot or spots to appear on, especially: a. To soil with spots. b. To decorate with spots; dot. 2. To harm; besmirch. 3. To place in a particular location; situate precisely. 4. To detect or discern, especially visually; spy. 5. To remove spots from, as in a laundry. 6. Sports To yield a favorable scoring margin to: spotted their opponents 11 points. v. intr. 1. To become marked with spots. 2. To cause a discoloration or make a stain. 3. To locate targets from the air during combat or training missions. adj. 1. Made, paid, or delivered immediately: a spot sale. 2. Of, relating to, or being a market in which payment or delivery is immediate: the spot market in oil. 3. Involving random or selective instances or actions: a spot investigation. 4. Presented between major radio or television programs: a spot announcement.

Idioms: in spots 1. Now and then; here and there; occasionally. on the spot 1. Without delay; at once. 2. At the scene of action. 3. Under pressure or attention; in a pressed position. [Middle English from Old English] spot "ta·ble adj.

sto·a ( st½"…) n. pl. sto·as or sto·ae ( st½"¶") 1. An ancient Greek covered walk or colonnade, usually having columns on one side and a wall on the other. [Greek porch; See st ³- in Indo-European Roots.]

st ³-. Important derivatives are: steed stud 2 stool stage stance stanza stay 1 arrest circumstance constant contrast cost distant instant obstacle obstetric rest 2 substance stand understand standard stem 1 station static destine obstinate state statue statute institute prostitute substitute superstition establish stable 1 assist exist insist resist ecstasy system post 1 store steer 1 steer 2 To stand; with derivatives meaning " place or thing that is standing. " Contracted from *sta …-. I. Basic form *st ³-. 1. Extended form *st ³dh-. a. STEED , from Old English st ¶da, stallion, studhorse ( < " place for breeding horses "), from Germanic *st ½d-j½n-; b. STUD 2 , from Old English st ½d, establishment for breeding horses, from Germanic *st ½d½. 2. Suffixed form *st ³-lo-. a. STOOL , from Old English st ½l, stool; b. (see pel- 2 ) Germanic compound *faldist ½laz. Both a and b from Germanic *st ½laz. 3. ESTANCIA , STAGE , STANCE , STANCH 1 , STANCHION , ( STANZA ), STATOR , STAY 1 , STET ; ARREST , CIRCUMSTANCE , CONSTANT , CONTRAST , ( COST ), DISTANT , EXTANT , INSTANT , OBSTACLE , OBSTETRIC , ( OUST ), REST 2 , RESTIVE , SUBSTANCE , from Latin st ³re, to stand. 4. Suffixed form *st ³-men-. ETAMINE , STAMEN , STAMMEL , from Latin st ³men, thread of the warp (a technical term). 5. Suffixed form *st ³-mon-. PENSTEMON , from Greek st ¶m½n, thread. 6. Suffixed form *st ³-ro-. STARETS , from Old Church Slavonic star ¾, old ( "long-standing"). II. Zero-grade form *st …- (before consonants). 1. Nasalized extended form *st …-n-t-. a. STAND , from Old English standan , to stand; b. UNDERSTAND , from Old English understandan , to know, stand under ( under- , under-; see ö dher); c. STANDARD , from Frankish *standan , to stand; d. STOUND , from Old English stund , a fixed time, while, from secondary zero-grade form in Germanic *stund- ½. a, b, c, and d all from Germanic *standan . 2. Suffixed form *st …-tyo-. STITHY , from Old Norse stedhi , anvil, from Germanic *stathj ½n-. 3. Suffixed form *st …-tlo-. STADDLE , STARLING 2 , from Old English stathol , foundation, from Germanic *stathlaz . 4. Suffixed form *st …-mno-. STEM 1 , from Old English stefn , stem, tree trunk, from Germanic *stamniz . 5. Suffixed form *st …-ti-. a. (i) STEAD , from Old English stede , place; (ii) STADHOLDER , from Dutch stad , place; (iii) SHTETL , from Old High German stat , place. (i), (ii) , and (iii) all from Germanic *stadiz ; b. STAT 2 , from Latin statim , at once; c. STATION , from Latin stati ½, a standing still; d. ARMISTICE , SOLSTICE , from Latin -stitium , a stoppage; e. STASIS , from Greek stasis (see III. 1. b .), a standing, a standstill. 6. Suffixed form *st …-to-. a. BESTEAD , from Old Norse stadhr , place, from Germanic *stadaz , placed; b. -STAT , STATIC , STATICE , STATO- ; ASTASIA , ( ASTATINE ), from Greek statos , placed, standing. 7. Suffixed form *st …-no-. a. DESTINE , from Latin d ¶stin³re, to make firm, establish ( d ¶-, thoroughly; see de- ); b. OBSTINATE , from Latin obstin ³re, to set one's mind on, persist ( ob- , on; see epi ). 8. Suffixed form *st …-tu-. STATE , STATISTICS , ( STATUE ), STATURE , STATUS , STATUTE ; CONSTITUTE , DESTITUTE , INSTITUTE , PROSTITUTE , RESTITUTE , SUBSTITUTE , SUPERSTITION , from Latin status , manner, position, condition, attitude, with derivatives stat ¿ra, height, stature, statuere , to set up, erect, cause to stand, and superstes ( < *-st …-t-), witness ( "who stands beyond "). 9. Suffixed form *st …-dhlo-. STABLE 2 ; CONSTABLE , from Latin stabulum , " standing place, " stable. 10. Suffixed form *st …-dhli-. ESTABLISH , STABLE 1 , from Latin stabilis , standing firm. 11. Suffixed form *st …-t³. -STAT ; ENSTATITE , from Greek -stat ¶s, one that causes to stand, a standing. III. Zero-grade form *st- , *st( …)- (before vowels). 1. Reduplicated form *si-st( …)-. a. ASSIST , CONSIST , DESIST , EXIST , INSIST , INTERSTICE , PERSIST , RESIST , SUBSIST , from Latin sistere , to set, place, stop, stand; b. APOSTASY , CATASTASIS , DIASTASIS , ECSTASY , EPISTASIS , EPISTEMOLOGY , HYPOSTASIS , ICONOSTASIS , ISOSTASY , METASTASIS , PROSTATE , SYSTEM , from Greek histanai (aorist stanai ), to set, place, with stasis ( *st …-ti-), a standing (see II. 5. e .); c. HISTO- ; HISTIOCYTE , from Greek histos , web, tissue ( < " that which is set up "). 2. Compound form *tri-st-i- , " third person standing by " (see trei- ). 3. Compound form *por-st-i- , " that which stands before " ( *por- , before, forth; see per 1 ). POST 1 , from Latin postis , post. 4. Suffixed form *st-o- in compound *upo-st-o- , " one who stands under " (see upo ). IV. Extended root *st ³u- ( < *sta …u-), becoming *stau- before consonants, *st ³w- before vowels; basic meaning " stout-standing, strong. " 1. Suffixed extended form *st ³w-³. STOW , from Old English st ½w, place, from Germanic *st ½w½. 2. Probable o-grade suffixed extended form *st ½w-y³. STOA , STOIC , from Greek stoa , porch. 3. Suffixed extended form *stau-ro- . a. (i) STORE ; INSTAURATION , from Latin º nstaur³re, to restore, set upright again ( in- , on; see en ); (ii) RESTORE , from Latin restaur ³re, to restore, rebuild ( re- , anew, again; see re- ); b. STAUROLITE , from Greek stauros , cross, post, stake. 4. Variant *tau-ro- , bull (see tauro- ). V. Zero-grade extended root *st ¿- ( < *stu …-). Suffixed form *st ¿-lo-. STYLITE ; AMPHISTYLAR , ASTYLAR , EPISTYLE , HYPOSTYLE , PERISTYLE , PROSTYLE , STYLOBATE , from Greek stulos , pillar. VI. Secondary full-grade form *steu …-. Suffixed form *steu …-ro-. THERAVADA , from Sanskrit sthavira- , thick, stout, old. VII. Variant zero-grade extended root *stu- . Suffixed form *stu-t- . STUD 1 , from Old English stuthu , studu , post, prop. VIII. Secondary full-grade form *steu- . 1. Suffixed form *steu-r ³. STARBOARD , from Old English st ¶or-, a steering, from Germanic *steur ½, " a steering. " 2. a. STEER 1 , from Old English st ºeran, st ¶ran, to steer; b. STERN 2 , from Middle English sterne , stern of a boat, possibly from a source akin to Old Norse stj ½rn, a rudder, a steering, derivative of st þra, to steer. Both a and b from Germanic denominative *steurjan . 3. Suffixed form *steu-ro- , a larger domestic animal. STEER 2 , from Old English st ¶or, steer, from Germanic *steuraz , ox. 4. STIRK , from Old English st ºrc, stierc , calf, from Germanic diminutive *steur-ika- , probably from st ³-. [ Pokorny st ³- 1004. ]

stob ( st¼b) n. Chiefly Southern U.S. 1. A short, straight piece of wood, such as a stake. [Middle English stump variant of stubbe, stub; See stub ]

Notes: The Southern word stob means a short, straight stick of wood: " Jim Rozier's skill with a piece of iron and a hardwood stob sets up a vibration in the earth that Sopchoppy worms find extremely disagreeable " (Charles Kuralt). Related to stub and stubby, stob is one of numerous Indo-European cognates, for example, Greek stupos, meaning " stump (of a tree or branch). " In Middle English stob seems to have been a variant spelling of stub, with one of its meanings being " the amputated stump of a human limb. " However, the word has chiefly denoted a short piece of wood, such as " a small post or stake or stump of a shrub, [and is] commonly so used in many, if not all, parts of the [American] South " (Charles F. Smith).

stop ( st¼p) v. stopped stop·ping stops v. tr. 1. To close (an opening) by covering, filling in, or plugging up. 2. To constrict (an opening or orifice). 3. To obstruct or block passage on (a road, for example). 4. To prevent the flow or passage of: tried to stop the bleeding. 5. To cause to halt, cease, or desist: stopped me and asked directions. 6. To desist from; cease: stop running. 7. To order a bank to withhold payment of: stopped the check. 8. To cause (a motor, for example) to cease operation or function; halt. 9. Music a. To press down (a string on a stringed instrument) on the fingerboard to produce a desired pitch. b. To close (a hole on a wind instrument) with the finger in sounding a desired pitch. v. intr. 1. To cease moving, progressing, acting, or operating; come to a halt: The clock stopped at some point during the night. 2. To put an end to what one is doing; cease: had to stop at an exciting place in the book. 3. To interrupt one's course or journey for a brief visit or stay: stop at the store; stopped at a friend's for a few nights. n. 1. The act of stopping or the condition of being stopped; cessation. 2. A finish; an end. 3. A stay or visit, as one taken during a trip. 4. A place at which someone or something stops: a regular stop on my paper route; a bus stop. 5. A device or means that obstructs, blocks, or plugs up. 6. An order given to a bank to withhold payment on a check. 7. A part in a machine that stops or regulates movement. 8. The effective aperture of a lens, controlled by a diaphragm. 9. A mark of punctuation, especially a period. 10. Music a. The act of stopping a string or hole on an instrument. b. A fret on a stringed instrument. c. A hole on a wind instrument. d. A device such as a key for closing the hole on a wind instrument. e. A tuned set of pipes, as in an organ. f. A knob, key, or pull that regulates such a set of pipes. 11. Nautical A line used for securing something temporarily: a sail stop. 12. Linguistics 13. See plosive . 14. The depression between the muzzle and top of the skull of an animal, especially a dog. 15. Games A stopper. 16. Architecture A projecting stone, often carved, at the end of a molding. adj. 1. Of, relating to, or being of use at the end of an operation or activity: a stop code.

Phrasal Verbs: stop down 1. To reduce (the aperture) of a lens. [Middle English stoppen from Old English -stoppian probably from Vulgar Latin *stupp ³re to caulk from Latin stuppa tow, broken flax from Greek stupp¶] stop "pa·ble adj.

Synonyms: stop cease desist discontinue halt quit The central meaning shared by these verbs is " to bring or come to a cessation ": stop arguing; ceased crying; desist from complaining; discontinued the treatment; halting the convoy; quit laughing.

stow ( st½) v. tr. stowed stow·ing stows 1. a. To place or arrange, especially in a neat, compact way: stowed his gear in the footlocker. b. To fill (a place or container) by packing tightly. 2. To store for future use: stowed carrots and potatoes in the root cellar. 3. Slang To refrain from; stop. 4. To provide lodging for; quarter.

Phrasal Verbs: stow away 1. To hide oneself aboard a conveyance in order to obtain free transportation. 2. Informal To consume (food or drink) greedily. [Middle English stowen from stowe place from Old English st½w;See st ³- in Indo-European Roots.]

Stow ( st½) 1. A city of northeast Ohio, a chiefly residential suburb of Akron. Population, 27,702.

Stow , John . 1525-1605 1. English historian and antiquarian noted for his collection of medieval manuscripts and for his Survey of London (1598), a description of London at the dawn of modern time.

st ³-. Important derivatives are: steed stud 2 stool stage stance stanza stay 1 arrest circumstance constant contrast cost distant instant obstacle obstetric rest 2 substance stand understand standard stem 1 station static destine obstinate state statue statute institute prostitute substitute superstition establish stable 1 assist exist insist resist ecstasy system post 1 store steer 1 steer 2 To stand; with derivatives meaning " place or thing that is standing. " Contracted from *sta …-. I. Basic form *st ³-. 1. Extended form *st ³dh-. a. STEED , from Old English st ¶da, stallion, studhorse ( < " place for breeding horses "), from Germanic *st ½d-j½n-; b. STUD 2 , from Old English st ½d, establishment for breeding horses, from Germanic *st ½d½. 2. Suffixed form *st ³-lo-. a. STOOL , from Old English st ½l, stool; b. (see pel- 2 ) Germanic compound *faldist ½laz. Both a and b from Germanic *st ½laz. 3. ESTANCIA , STAGE , STANCE , STANCH 1 , STANCHION , ( STANZA ), STATOR , STAY 1 , STET ; ARREST , CIRCUMSTANCE , CONSTANT , CONTRAST , ( COST ), DISTANT , EXTANT , INSTANT , OBSTACLE , OBSTETRIC , ( OUST ), REST 2 , RESTIVE , SUBSTANCE , from Latin st ³re, to stand. 4. Suffixed form *st ³-men-. ETAMINE , STAMEN , STAMMEL , from Latin st ³men, thread of the warp (a technical term). 5. Suffixed form *st ³-mon-. PENSTEMON , from Greek st ¶m½n, thread. 6. Suffixed form *st ³-ro-. STARETS , from Old Church Slavonic star ¾, old ( "long-standing"). II. Zero-grade form *st …- (before consonants). 1. Nasalized extended form *st …-n-t-. a. STAND , from Old English standan , to stand; b. UNDERSTAND , from Old English understandan , to know, stand under ( under- , under-; see ö dher); c. STANDARD , from Frankish *standan , to stand; d. STOUND , from Old English stund , a fixed time, while, from secondary zero-grade form in Germanic *stund- ½. a, b, c, and d all from Germanic *standan . 2. Suffixed form *st …-tyo-. STITHY , from Old Norse stedhi , anvil, from Germanic *stathj ½n-. 3. Suffixed form *st …-tlo-. STADDLE , STARLING 2 , from Old English stathol , foundation, from Germanic *stathlaz . 4. Suffixed form *st …-mno-. STEM 1 , from Old English stefn , stem, tree trunk, from Germanic *stamniz . 5. Suffixed form *st …-ti-. a. (i) STEAD , from Old English stede , place; (ii) STADHOLDER , from Dutch stad , place; (iii) SHTETL , from Old High German stat , place. (i), (ii) , and (iii) all from Germanic *stadiz ; b. STAT 2 , from Latin statim , at once; c. STATION , from Latin stati ½, a standing still; d. ARMISTICE , SOLSTICE , from Latin -stitium , a stoppage; e. STASIS , from Greek stasis (see III. 1. b .), a standing, a standstill. 6. Suffixed form *st …-to-. a. BESTEAD , from Old Norse stadhr , place, from Germanic *stadaz , placed; b. -STAT , STATIC , STATICE , STATO- ; ASTASIA , ( ASTATINE ), from Greek statos , placed, standing. 7. Suffixed form *st …-no-. a. DESTINE , from Latin d ¶stin³re, to make firm, establish ( d ¶-, thoroughly; see de- ); b. OBSTINATE , from Latin obstin ³re, to set one's mind on, persist ( ob- , on; see epi ). 8. Suffixed form *st …-tu-. STATE , STATISTICS , ( STATUE ), STATURE , STATUS , STATUTE ; CONSTITUTE , DESTITUTE , INSTITUTE , PROSTITUTE , RESTITUTE , SUBSTITUTE , SUPERSTITION , from Latin status , manner, position, condition, attitude, with derivatives stat ¿ra, height, stature, statuere , to set up, erect, cause to stand, and superstes ( < *-st …-t-), witness ( "who stands beyond "). 9. Suffixed form *st …-dhlo-. STABLE 2 ; CONSTABLE , from Latin stabulum , " standing place, " stable. 10. Suffixed form *st …-dhli-. ESTABLISH , STABLE 1 , from Latin stabilis , standing firm. 11. Suffixed form *st …-t³. -STAT ; ENSTATITE , from Greek -stat ¶s, one that causes to stand, a standing. III. Zero-grade form *st- , *st( …)- (before vowels). 1. Reduplicated form *si-st( …)-. a. ASSIST , CONSIST , DESIST , EXIST , INSIST , INTERSTICE , PERSIST , RESIST , SUBSIST , from Latin sistere , to set, place, stop, stand; b. APOSTASY , CATASTASIS , DIASTASIS , ECSTASY , EPISTASIS , EPISTEMOLOGY , HYPOSTASIS , ICONOSTASIS , ISOSTASY , METASTASIS , PROSTATE , SYSTEM , from Greek histanai (aorist stanai ), to set, place, with stasis ( *st …-ti-), a standing (see II. 5. e .); c. HISTO- ; HISTIOCYTE , from Greek histos , web, tissue ( < " that which is set up "). 2. Compound form *tri-st-i- , " third person standing by " (see trei- ). 3. Compound form *por-st-i- , " that which stands before " ( *por- , before, forth; see per 1 ). POST 1 , from Latin postis , post. 4. Suffixed form *st-o- in compound *upo-st-o- , " one who stands under " (see upo ). IV. Extended root *st ³u- ( < *sta …u-), becoming *stau- before consonants, *st ³w- before vowels; basic meaning " stout-standing, strong. " 1. Suffixed extended form *st ³w-³. STOW , from Old English st ½w, place, from Germanic *st ½w½. 2. Probable o-grade suffixed extended form *st ½w-y³. STOA , STOIC , from Greek stoa , porch. 3. Suffixed extended form *stau-ro- . a. (i) STORE ; INSTAURATION , from Latin º nstaur³re, to restore, set upright again ( in- , on; see en ); (ii) RESTORE , from Latin restaur ³re, to restore, rebuild ( re- , anew, again; see re- ); b. STAUROLITE , from Greek stauros , cross, post, stake. 4. Variant *tau-ro- , bull (see tauro- ). V. Zero-grade extended root *st ¿- ( < *stu …-). Suffixed form *st ¿-lo-. STYLITE ; AMPHISTYLAR , ASTYLAR , EPISTYLE , HYPOSTYLE , PERISTYLE , PROSTYLE , STYLOBATE , from Greek stulos , pillar. VI. Secondary full-grade form *steu …-. Suffixed form *steu …-ro-. THERAVADA , from Sanskrit sthavira- , thick, stout, old. VII. Variant zero-grade extended root *stu- . Suffixed form *stu-t- . STUD 1 , from Old English stuthu , studu , post, prop. VIII. Secondary full-grade form *steu- . 1. Suffixed form *steu-r ³. STARBOARD , from Old English st ¶or-, a steering, from Germanic *steur ½, " a steering. " 2. a. STEER 1 , from Old English st ºeran, st ¶ran, to steer; b. STERN 2 , from Middle English sterne , stern of a boat, possibly from a source akin to Old Norse stj ½rn, a rudder, a steering, derivative of st þra, to steer. Both a and b from Germanic denominative *steurjan . 3. Suffixed form *steu-ro- , a larger domestic animal. STEER 2 , from Old English st ¶or, steer, from Germanic *steuraz , ox. 4. STIRK , from Old English st ºrc, stierc , calf, from Germanic diminutive *steur-ika- , probably from st ³-. [ Pokorny st ³- 1004. ]

swob ( sw¼b) n. v. 1. Variant of swab .

swab also swob ( sw¼b) n. 1. a. A small piece of absorbent material attached to the end of a stick or wire and used for cleansing or applying medicine. b. A specimen of mucus or other material removed with a swab. 2. A sponge or patch of absorbent material used to clean the bore of a firearm or cannon. 3. A mop used for cleaning floors or decks. 4. a. One who uses such a mop, especially on a ship. b. Slang A sailor. Also Called swabbie . 5. A lout. v. tr. swabbed also swobbed swab·bing swob·bing swabs swobs 1. To use a swab on. 2. To clean with a swab. [Back-formation from swabber mop for a ship's deck( from obsolete Dutch *zwabber ) (from zwabben to mop) or from obsolete Dutch swabbe mop( from Middle Dutch) ]

swop ( sw¼p) v. n. 1. Variant of swap .

swap also swop ( sw¼p) Informal v. swapped also swopped swap·ping swop·ping swaps swops v. intr. 1. To trade one thing for another. v. tr. 1. To exchange (one thing) for another. n. 1. An exchange of one thing for another. [Middle English swappen to strike, strike the hands together in closing a bargain] swap "per n.