plea ( pl¶) n. 1. An earnest request; an appeal: spoke out in a plea for greater tolerance. 2. An excuse; a pretext: " necessity,/The Tyrant's plea " John Milton 3. Law a. An allegation offered in pleading a case. b. A defendant's answer to the declaration made by the plaintiff in a civil action. c. The answer of the accused to a criminal charge or indictment: entered a plea of not guilty. d. A special answer depending on or demonstrating one or more reasons why a suit should be delayed, dismissed, or barred in equity law. e. An action or a suit. [Middle English plai lawsuit from Old French plai, plaid from Late Latin placitum decree from Latin, from neuter past participle of plac¶reto please; See pl ³k- 1 in Indo-European Roots.]

de·ter·mine ( d¹-tûr"m¹n) v. de·ter·mined de·ter·min·ing de·ter·mines v. tr. 1. a. To decide or settle (a dispute, for example) conclusively and authoritatively. b. To end or decide, as by judicial action. 2. To establish or ascertain definitely, as after consideration, investigation, or calculation. See note at discover . 3. To cause (someone) to come to a conclusion or resolution. 4. To be the cause of; regulate: Demand determines production. 5. To give direction to: The management committee determines departmental policy. 6. To limit in scope or extent. 7. Mathematics To fix or define the position, form, or configuration of. 8. Logic To explain or limit by adding differences. 9. Law To put an end to; terminate. v. intr. 1. To reach a decision; resolve. See note at decide . 2. Law To come to an end. [Middle English determinen from Old French determiner from Latin d¶termin³re to limit d¶- de- terminus boundary]

de·ter·mined ( d¹-tûr"m¹nd) adj. 1. Marked by or showing determination; resolute: was engaged in a protracted struggle with a determined enemy. 2. Decided or resolved. de·ter "mined·ly adv. de·ter "mined·ness n.

a·way ( …-w³") adv. 1. From a particular thing or place: ran away from the lion; sent the children away to boarding school. 2. a. At or to a distance in space or time: We live a block away from the park. b. At or by a considerable interval: away back in the 17th century; away off on the horizon. 3. a. In a different direction; aside: glanced away. b. On the way: We want to get away early in the day. 4. In or into storage or safekeeping: put the toys away; jewels locked away in a safe. 5. Out of existence or notice: The music faded away. 6. So as to remove, separate, or eliminate: chipped the paint away; cleared away the debris. 7. From one's possession: gave the tickets away. 8. Continuously; steadily: toiled away at the project for more than a year. 9. Freely; at will: Fire away! adj. 1. Absent: The neighbors are away. 2. Distant, as in space or time: The city is miles away. The game was still a week away. 3. Played on an opponent's field or grounds: an away game. 4. Baseball Out: bases loaded, with two away. [Middle English from Old English aweg a- on; See a- 1 weg way; See wegh- in Indo-European Roots.]

wegh- . Important derivatives are: weigh 1 wee weight way always away wagon wag 1 vogue earwig wiggle vector vehicle convection via voyage convey deviate devious envoy 1 obvious previous trivial vex convex To go, transport in a vehicle. I. 1. WEIGH 1 , from Old English wegan , to carry, balance in a scale, from Germanic *wegan . 2. WEE , from Old English w Æg(e), weight, unit of weight, from Germanic lengthened-grade form *w ¶g½. 3. Suffixed form *wegh-ti- . WEIGHT , from Old English wiht , gewiht , weight, from Germanic *wihti- . 4. a. WAY ; ALWAYS , AWAY , from Old English weg , way; b. NORWEGIAN , from Old Norse vegr , way. Both a and b from Germanic *wegaz , course of travel, way. 5. Suffixed o-grade form *wogh-no- . a. WAIN , from Old English wæ(g)n , wagon; b. WAGON , from Middle Dutch wagen , wagon. Both a and b from Germanic *wagnaz . 6. Suffixed o-grade form *wogh-lo- . a. WALLEYED , from Old Norse vagl , chicken roost, perch, beam, eye disease, from Germanic *waglaz ; b. OCHLOCRACY , OCHLOPHOBIA , from Greek okhlos , populace, mob ( < " moving mass "). 7. Distantly related to this root are: a. (i) WAG 1 , from Middle English waggen , to wag, possibly from wegh- ; (ii) GRAYWACKE , from Old High German waggo , wacko , boulder rolling on a riverbed. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *wag- , " to move about "; b. VOGUE , from Old French voguer , to row, sail, from Old Low German *wog ½n, to rock, sway, from Germanic *w ¶ga-, water in motion; c. (i) EARWIG , from Old English wicga , insect ( < " thing that moves quickly "); (ii) WIGGLE , from Middle Dutch and Middle Low German wiggelen , to move back and forth, wag. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *wig- . 8. Basic form *wegh- . VECTOR , VEHEMENT , VEHICLE ; ADVECTION , CONVECTION , EVECTION , INVEIGH , from Latin vehere (past participle vectus ), to carry. 9. Suffixed basic form *wegh-y ³. FOY , VIA , VOYAGE ; CONVEY , DEVIATE , DEVIOUS , ( ENVOI ), ENVOY 1 , OBVIOUS , PERVIOUS , PREVIOUS , ( TRIVIAL ), TRIVIUM , ( VIADUCT ), from Latin via , way, road. 10. Suffixed form *wegh-s- . VEX , from Latin vex ³re, to agitate ( < " to set in motion "). 11. Probably suffixed form *wegh-so- . CONVEX , from Latin convexus , " carried or drawn together (to a point), " convex ( com- , together; see kom ). [ Pokorny ø eªh- 1118. ]

bray 1 ( br³) v. brayed bray·ing brays v. intr. 1. To utter the loud, harsh cry of a donkey. 2. To sound loudly and harshly: The foghorn brayed all night. v. tr. 1. To emit (an utterance or a sound) loudly and harshly. n. 1. The loud, harsh cry of a donkey. 2. A sound resembling that of a donkey: " an endless bray of pointless jocosity " Louis Auchincloss [Middle English braien from Old French braire of Celtic origin]

bray 2 ( br³) v. tr. brayed bray·ing brays 1. To crush and pound to a fine consistency, as in a mortar. 2. To spread (ink) thinly over a surface. [Middle English braien from Old French breier of Germanic origin; See bhreg- in Indo-European Roots.]

bhreg- . Important derivatives are: break breach fraction fracture fragile fragment frail 1 infringe suffrage To break. I. 1. a. BREAK , from Old English brecan , to break; b. BREACH , from Old English br ¶c, a breaking; c. ( BRASH 2 ), BRECCIA , from Italian breccia , breccia, rubble, breach in a wall, from Old High German *brehha , from brehhan , to break; d. BRAY 2 , from Old French breier , to break; e. BRIOCHE , from Old French brier , dialectal variant of broyer , to knead. a, b, c, d, and e all from Germanic *brekan . 2. BRACKEN , ( BRAKE 4 ), from Middle English brake(n) , bracken, probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse *brakni , undergrowth; a. BRAKE 5 , from Middle Low German brake , thicket. Both a and b from Germanic *brak- , bushes ( < " that which impedes motion "). 3. BRAKE 2 , from Middle Low German brake , flax brake, from Germanic *br ³k-, crushing instruments. 4. Nasalized zero-grade form *bh —-n-g-. ( FRACTED ), FRACTION , ( FRACTIOUS ), FRACTURE , FRAGILE , FRAGMENT , FRAIL 1 , FRANGIBLE ; ANFRACTUOUS , CHAMFER , DEFRAY , DIFFRACTION , ( INFRACT ), INFRANGIBLE , INFRINGE , OSSIFRAGE , REFRACT , ( REFRAIN 2 ), ( REFRINGENT ), SAXIFRAGE , SEPTIFRAGAL , from Latin frangere , to break. 5. a. SUFFRAGAN , SUFFRAGE , from Latin suffr ³gium, the right to vote, from suffr ³g³rº, to vote for (? < " to use a broken piece of tile as a ballot "); b. IRREFRAGABLE , from Latin refr ³g³rº, to vote against. [ Pokorny 1. bhre Ë- 165. ]

clay ( kl³) n. 1. a. A fine-grained, firm earthy material that is plastic when wet and hardens when heated, consisting primarily of hydrated silicates of aluminum and widely used in making bricks, tiles, and pottery. b. A hardening or nonhardening material having a consistency similar to clay and used for modeling. 2. Geology A sedimentary material with grains smaller than 0.002 millimeters in diameter. 3. Moist, sticky earth; mud. 4. The human body as opposed to the spirit. [Middle English clei from Old English clæg] clay "ey ( kl³"¶) or clay "ish adj.

Clay 1 ( kl³), Cassius Marcellus . 1810-1903 1. American abolitionist and public official who was minister to Russia (1861-1862 and 1863-1869).

Clay 2 ( kl³), Cassius Marcellus . 1. See Muhammad Ali .

Clay , Henry . Known as " the Great Compromiser. " 1777-1852 1. American politician who pushed the Missouri Compromise through the U.S. House of Representatives (1820) in an effort to reconcile free and slave states.

Clay , Lucius DuBignon . 1897-1978 1. American army officer who commanded U.S. forces in Germany (1945-1949) and oversaw the Berlin airlift (1948).

dray ( dr³) n. 1. A low, heavy cart without sides, used for haulage. v. tr. drayed dray·ing drays 1. To haul by means of a low, heavy sideless cart. [Middle English draie sledge, cart from Old English dragan to draw]

flay ( fl³) v. tr. flayed flay·ing flays 1. To strip off the skin or outer covering of. 2. To strip of money or goods; fleece. 3. To whip or lash. 4. To assail with stinging criticism; excoriate. [Middle English flen from Old English fl¶an] flay "er n.

fray 1 ( fr³) n. 1. A scuffle; a brawl. See note at brawl . 2. A heated dispute or contest. v. tr. frayed fray·ing frays Archaic 1. To alarm; frighten. 2. To drive away. [Middle English frai alteration of affrai; See affray ]

fray 2 ( fr³) v. frayed fray·ing frays v. tr. 1. To strain; chafe: repeated noises that fray the nerves. 2. To wear away (the edges of fabric, for example) by rubbing. v. intr. 1. To become worn away or tattered along the edges. n. 1. A frayed or threadbare spot, as on fabric. [Middle English fraien to wear, bruise from Old French fraier to rub from Latin fric³re]

gray also grey ( gr³) adj. gray·er also grey·er gray·est grey·est 1. Color Of or relating to an achromatic color of any lightness between the extremes of black and white. 2. a. Dull or dark: a gray, rainy afternoon. b. Lacking in cheer; gloomy: a gray mood. 3. a. Having gray hair; hoary. b. Old or venerable. 4. Intermediate in character or position, as with regard to a subjective matter: the gray area between their differing opinions on the film's morality. n. 1. Color An achromatic color of any lightness between the extremes of black and white. 2. An object or animal of the color gray. 3. Often Gray a. A member of the Confederate Army in the Civil War. b. The Confederate Army. v. tr. intr. grayed also greyed gray·ing grey·ing grays greys 1. To make or become gray. [Middle English grei from Old English grÆg] gray "ly adj. gray "ness n.

Gray ( gr³), Asa . 1810-1888 1. American botanist who greatly enlarged and improved the description of North American flora and was the chief American advocate of Charles Darwin's theories.

Gray , Hanna Holborn . Born 1930 1. German-born American educator who was appointed president of the University of Chicago (1978), thus becoming the first woman to preside over a major American university.

Gray , Horace . 1828-1902 1. American jurist who served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1882-1902).

Gray , Robert . 1755-1806 1. American explorer who twice circumnavigated the globe (1787-1790 and 1790-1793) and discovered Grays Harbor and the Columbia River (1792).

Gray , Thomas . 1716-1771 1. British poet considered a forerunner of English romanticism. His most famous work is Elegy Written in a Country Courtyard (1751).

o·fay ( ½"f³") n. Offensive Slang 1. Used as a disparaging term for a white person. [Possibly of West African origin]

Notes: The commonly seen etymology of ofay —Pig Latin for foe —is perhaps of less interest than the more likely story of this word's origins. The word, which is first recorded in the first quarter of the 20th century, must have been in use much longer if it is, as some scholars think, borrowed from an African source. Although this source has not been pinned down, the suggested possibilities are in themselves interesting. One would trace it to the Ibibio word afia, " white or light-colored. " Another would have it come from Yoruba ofe, a word that was said in order to protect oneself from danger. The term was then transferred to white people, regarded as a danger to Black people throughout the wretched days of slavery and beyond.

o·kay ( ½-k³") n. v. interj. 1. Variant of OK 1 .

OK 1 or O.K. or o·kay ( ½-k³") Informal n. pl. OK's or O.K.'s or o·kays 1. Approval; agreement: got her supervisor's OK before taking a day off. v. tr. OK'd or O.K.'d or o·kayed OK'ing or O.K.'ing or o·kay·ing OK's or O.K.'s or o·kays 1. To approve of or agree to; authorize. interj. 1. Used to express approval or agreement. [Abbreviation of oll korrect slang respelling of all correct] OK adv. adj.

Notes: Although we use this word hundreds of times a week whether things are OK or not, we have probably rarely wondered about its history. That history is in fact a brief one, the word being first recorded in 1839, though it was no doubt in circulation before then. Much scholarship has been expended on the origins of OK, but Allen Walker Read has conclusively proved that OK is based on a sort of joke. Someone pronounced the phrase all correct as oll (or orl ) correct, and the same person or someone else spelled it oll korrect, which abbreviated gives us OK. This term gained wide currency by being used as a political slogan by the 1840 Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren, who was nicknamed Old Kinderhook because he was born in Kinderhook, New York. An editorial of the same year, referring to the receipt of a pin with the slogan O.K., had this comment: " frightful letters . . . significant of the birth-place of Martin Van Buren, old Kinderhook, as also the rallying word of the Democracy of the late election, ‘ all correct ’ . . . Those who wear them should bear in mind that it will require their most strenuous exertions . . . to make all things O.K. "

play ( pl³) v. played play·ing plays v. intr. 1. To occupy oneself in amusement, sport, or other recreation: children playing with toys. 2. a. Games To take part in a game: No minors are eligible to play. b. To participate in betting; gamble. 3. To act in jest or sport: They're not quarreling in earnest, they're just playing. 4. To deal or behave carelessly or indifferently; toy. See note at flirt . 5. To behave or converse in a sportive or playful way. 6. To act or conduct oneself in a specified way: play fair; an investor who plays cautiously. 7. To act, especially in a dramatic production. 8. Music a. To perform on an instrument: play on an accordion. b. To emit sound or be sounded in performance: The band is playing. 9. To be performed, as in a theater or on television: A good movie is playing tonight. 10. To be received or accepted: a speech that played poorly with the voters. 11. To move or seem to move quickly, lightly, or irregularly: The breeze played on the water. 12. To function or discharge uninterruptedly: The fountains played in the courtyard. 13. To move or operate freely within a bounded space, as machine parts do. v. tr. 1. a. To perform or act (a role or part) in a dramatic performance. b. To assume the role of; act as: played the peacemaker at the conference. 2. To perform (a theatrical work) on or as if on the stage. 3. To present a theatrical performance in (a given place): The company played Detroit last week. 4. To pretend to be; mimic the activities of: played cowboy; played the star. 5. Sports Games a. To engage in (a game or sport): play hockey; play chess. b. To compete against in a game or sport. c. To occupy or work at (a position) in a game: Lou Gehrig played first base. d. To employ (a player) in a game or position: Let's play her at first base. e. To use or move (a card, piece, or ball) in a game or sport: play the queen of hearts. f. To make (a shot or stroke), as in tennis: played a strong backhand. 6. Games a. To bet; wager: played five dollars on the roan horse. b. To make bets on: play the races. 7. To perform or put into effect, especially as a jest or deception: play a joke on a friend. 8. To handle; manage: played the matter quietly. 9. To use or manipulate, especially for one's own interests: He played his two opponents against each other. 10. Music a. To perform on (an instrument): play the guitar. b. To perform (a piece) on instruments or an instrument. 11. To cause (a record or phonograph, for example) to emit recorded sounds. 12. To discharge or direct in or as if in a continuous stream: play a hose on a fire. 13. To cause to move rapidly, lightly, or irregularly: play lights over the dance floor. 14. To exhaust (a hooked fish) by allowing it to pull on the line. n. 1. a. A literary work written for performance on the stage; a drama. b. The performance of such a work. 2. Activity engaged in for enjoyment or recreation. 3. Fun or jesting: It was all done in play. 4. Sports Games a. The act or manner of engaging in a game or sport: After a time-out, play resumed. The golf tournament featured expert play. b. The act or manner of using a card, piece, or ball in a game or sport: my partner's play of the last trump; his clumsy play of the rebound. c. A move or an action in a game: It's your play. The runner was thrown out in a close play. 5. Games Participation in betting; gambling. 6. Manner of dealing with others; conduct: fair play. 7. An attempt to obtain something; a bid: a play for sympathy. 8. a. Action, motion, or use: the play of the imagination. b. Freedom or occasion for action; scope: give full play to an artist's talents. See note at room . 9. Movement or space for movement, as of mechanical parts. 10. Quick, often irregular movement or action, especially of light or color: the play of color on iridescent feathers.

Phrasal Verbs: play along Informal 1. To cooperate or pretend to cooperate: decided to play along with the robbers for a while. play at 1. To participate in; engage in. 2. To do or take part in half-heartedly. play back 1. To replay (a recently recorded tape, for example). play down 1. To minimize the importance of; make little of: played down the defect to protect the troops' morale. play off 1. Sports a. To establish the winner of (a tie) by playing in an additional game or series of games. b. To participate in a playoff. 2. To set (one individual or party) in opposition to another so as to advance one's own interests: a parent who played off one child against another. play on or play upon 1. To take advantage of (another's attitudes or feelings) for one's own interests: demagogues who play on popular fears. play out 1. To use up; exhaust: Our strength was played out early in the contest. play up 1. To emphasize or publicize: She played up her experience during the employment interview.

Idioms: in play 1. Sports In a position to be legally or feasibly played: The ball is now in play. 2. In a position, or rumored to be in a position of possible corporate takeover: The company's stock rose in price when news stories stated that it was in play. out of play Sports 1. Not in a position to be legally or feasibly played. play ball Slang 1. To cooperate: The opposing attorneys refused to play ball with us. play both ends against the middle 1. To set opposing parties or interests against one another so as to advance one's own goals. play fast and loose 1. To behave in a recklessly irresponsible or deceitful manner: played fast and loose with the facts. play for time 1. To use delaying tactics; temporize. play games Slang 1. To be evasive or deceptive: Quit playing games and tell me what you want. play in Peoria Slang 1. To be acceptable to average constituents or consumers: an elitist political campaign that could never play in Peoria. play into the hands of 1. To act or behave so as to give an advantage to (an opponent). play (one's) cards Informal 1. To use the resources or strategies at one's disposal: played her cards right and got promoted. play possum 1. To pretend to be sleeping or dead. play the field 1. To date more than one person. play the game Informal 1. To behave according to the accepted customs or standards. play up to 1. To curry favor with. play with fire 1. To take part in a dangerous or risky undertaking. play with (oneself) Vulgar Slang 1. To masturbate. [Middle English playen from Old English plegian] play "a·bil"i·ty n. play "a·ble adj.

pray ( pr³) v. prayed pray·ing prays v. intr. 1. To utter or address a prayer or prayers to God, a god, or another object of worship. 2. To make a fervent request or an entreaty. v. tr. 1. To utter or say a prayer or prayers to; address by prayer. 2. To ask (someone) imploringly; beseech. Now often used elliptically for I pray you to introduce a request or an entreaty: Pray be careful. 3. To make a devout or earnest request for: I pray your permission to speak. 4. To move or bring by prayer or entreaty. [Middle English preien from Old French preier from Latin prec³rº from *prex prayer; See prek- in Indo-European Roots.]

prek- . Important derivatives are: pray prayer 1 precarious deprecate postulate To ask, entreat. I. 1. Basic form *prek- . PRAY , PRAYER 1 , PRECARIOUS ; DEPRECATE , IMPRECATE , from *prex , prayer (attested only in the plural prec ¶s), with Latin denominative prec ³rº, to entreat, pray. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form *p —k-sk- becoming *pork-sk- , contracted into *posk- in suffixed form *posk-to , contracted into *posto- . POSTULATE ; EXPOSTULATE , from Latin postul ³re, to ask, request. [ Pokorny 4. per ç- 821. ]

quay ( k¶, k ³) n. 1. A wharf or reinforced bank where ships are loaded or unloaded. [Middle English keye from Old North French cai of Celtic origin]

Quay ( kw³), Matthew Stanley . 1833-1904 1. American politician. A U.S. senator from Pennsylvania (1887-1899 and 1901-1904), he wielded great political power on the state and national levels.

shay ( sh³) n. Informal 1. A chaise. [Back-formation from chaise ( taken as pl.) ]

slay ( sl³) v. tr. slew ( sl›) slain ( sl³n) slay·ing slays 1. To kill violently. 2. Slang To overwhelm, as with laughter or love: Those old jokes still slay me. [Middle English slen, slayen from Old English sl¶an] slay "er n.

spay ( sp³) v. tr. spayed spay·ing spays 1. To remove surgically the ovaries of (an animal). [Middle English spaien from Anglo-Norman espeier to cut with a sword from espee sword from Latin spatha; See spathe ]

stay 1 ( st³) v. stayed stay·ing stays v. intr. 1. To continue to be in a place or condition: stay home; stay calm. 2. To remain or sojourn as a guest or lodger: stayed at a motel. 3. To stop moving; halt. 4. To wait; pause. 5. To endure or persist: stayed with the original plan. 6. To keep up in a race or contest: tried to stay with the lead runner. 7. Games To meet a bet in poker without raising it. 8. To stand one's ground; remain firm. 9. Archaic To cease from a specified activity. v. tr. 1. To stop or halt; check. 2. To postpone; delay. 3. To delay or stop the effect of (an order, for example) by legal action or mandate: stay a prisoner's execution. 4. To satisfy or appease temporarily: stayed his anger. 5. To remain during: stayed the week with my parents; stayed the duration of the game. 6. To wait for; await: " I will not stay thy questions. Let me go;/Or if thou follow me, do not believe/But I shall do thee mischief in the wood " Shakespeare n. 1. The act of halting; check. 2. The act of coming to a halt. 3. A brief period of residence or visiting. 4. A suspension or postponement of a legal action or an execution: granted a stay to the prisoner's execution.

Idioms: stay put 1. To remain in a fixed or established position. stay the course 1. To hold out or persevere to the end of a race or challenge. [Middle English steien from Old French ester, esteir from Latin st³re;See st ³- in Indo-European Roots.]

Synonyms: stay remain wait abide tarry linger sojourn These verbs mean to continue to be in a given place. Stay is the least specific, though it can also suggest that the person involved is a guest or visitor: We stayed at home all evening. " Must you go? Can't you stay? " (Charles J. Vaughan). Remain is sometimes synonymous with stay but more often implies continuing or being left after others have gone: A few people came to boo but remained to applaud. Please remain for a minute at the end of the meeting; I want a word with you in private. Wait suggests remaining in readiness, anticipation, or expectation: " Your father is waiting for me to take a walk with him " (Booth Tarkington). Abide implies continuing for a lengthy period: " Abide with me " (Henry Francis Lyte). Tarry and linger both imply a delayed departure, but linger more strongly suggests reluctance to leave: " She was not anxious but puzzled that her husband tarried " (Eden Phillpotts). " I alone sit lingering here " (Henry Vaughan). To sojourn is to reside temporarily in a place: " He was sojourning at [a] hotel in Bond Street " (Anthony Trollope). defer 1

stay 2 ( st³) v. tr. stayed stay·ing stays 1. To brace, support, or prop up. 2. To strengthen or sustain mentally or spiritually. 3. To rest or fix on for support. n. 1. A support or brace. 2. A strip of bone, plastic, or metal, used to stiffen a garment or part, such as a corset or shirt collar. 3. stays A corset. [Middle English staien from Old French estaiier from estaie a support of Germanic origin]

stay 3 ( st³) n. 1. Nautical A heavy rope or cable, usually of wire, used as a brace or support for a mast or spar. 2. A rope used to steady, guide, or brace. v. tr. intr. stayed stay·ing stays Nautical 1. To put (a ship) on the opposite tack or to come about. [Middle English from Old English stæg]

st ³-. Important derivatives are: steed stud 2 stool stage stance stanza stay 1 arrest circumstance constant contrast cost distant instant obstacle obstetric rest 2 substance stand understand standard stem 1 station static destine obstinate state statue statute institute prostitute substitute superstition establish stable 1 assist exist insist resist ecstasy system post 1 store steer 1 steer 2 To stand; with derivatives meaning " place or thing that is standing. " Contracted from *sta …-. I. Basic form *st ³-. 1. Extended form *st ³dh-. a. STEED , from Old English st ¶da, stallion, studhorse ( < " place for breeding horses "), from Germanic *st ½d-j½n-; b. STUD 2 , from Old English st ½d, establishment for breeding horses, from Germanic *st ½d½. 2. Suffixed form *st ³-lo-. a. STOOL , from Old English st ½l, stool; b. (see pel- 2 ) Germanic compound *faldist ½laz. Both a and b from Germanic *st ½laz. 3. ESTANCIA , STAGE , STANCE , STANCH 1 , STANCHION , ( STANZA ), STATOR , STAY 1 , STET ; ARREST , CIRCUMSTANCE , CONSTANT , CONTRAST , ( COST ), DISTANT , EXTANT , INSTANT , OBSTACLE , OBSTETRIC , ( OUST ), REST 2 , RESTIVE , SUBSTANCE , from Latin st ³re, to stand. 4. Suffixed form *st ³-men-. ETAMINE , STAMEN , STAMMEL , from Latin st ³men, thread of the warp (a technical term). 5. Suffixed form *st ³-mon-. PENSTEMON , from Greek st ¶m½n, thread. 6. Suffixed form *st ³-ro-. STARETS , from Old Church Slavonic star ¾, old ( "long-standing"). II. Zero-grade form *st …- (before consonants). 1. Nasalized extended form *st …-n-t-. a. STAND , from Old English standan , to stand; b. UNDERSTAND , from Old English understandan , to know, stand under ( under- , under-; see ö dher); c. STANDARD , from Frankish *standan , to stand; d. STOUND , from Old English stund , a fixed time, while, from secondary zero-grade form in Germanic *stund- ½. a, b, c, and d all from Germanic *standan . 2. Suffixed form *st …-tyo-. STITHY , from Old Norse stedhi , anvil, from Germanic *stathj ½n-. 3. Suffixed form *st …-tlo-. STADDLE , STARLING 2 , from Old English stathol , foundation, from Germanic *stathlaz . 4. Suffixed form *st …-mno-. STEM 1 , from Old English stefn , stem, tree trunk, from Germanic *stamniz . 5. Suffixed form *st …-ti-. a. (i) STEAD , from Old English stede , place; (ii) STADHOLDER , from Dutch stad , place; (iii) SHTETL , from Old High German stat , place. (i), (ii) , and (iii) all from Germanic *stadiz ; b. STAT 2 , from Latin statim , at once; c. STATION , from Latin stati ½, a standing still; d. ARMISTICE , SOLSTICE , from Latin -stitium , a stoppage; e. STASIS , from Greek stasis (see III. 1. b .), a standing, a standstill. 6. Suffixed form *st …-to-. a. BESTEAD , from Old Norse stadhr , place, from Germanic *stadaz , placed; b. -STAT , STATIC , STATICE , STATO- ; ASTASIA , ( ASTATINE ), from Greek statos , placed, standing. 7. Suffixed form *st …-no-. a. DESTINE , from Latin d ¶stin³re, to make firm, establish ( d ¶-, thoroughly; see de- ); b. OBSTINATE , from Latin obstin ³re, to set one's mind on, persist ( ob- , on; see epi ). 8. Suffixed form *st …-tu-. STATE , STATISTICS , ( STATUE ), STATURE , STATUS , STATUTE ; CONSTITUTE , DESTITUTE , INSTITUTE , PROSTITUTE , RESTITUTE , SUBSTITUTE , SUPERSTITION , from Latin status , manner, position, condition, attitude, with derivatives stat ¿ra, height, stature, statuere , to set up, erect, cause to stand, and superstes ( < *-st …-t-), witness ( "who stands beyond "). 9. Suffixed form *st …-dhlo-. STABLE 2 ; CONSTABLE , from Latin stabulum , " standing place, " stable. 10. Suffixed form *st …-dhli-. ESTABLISH , STABLE 1 , from Latin stabilis , standing firm. 11. Suffixed form *st …-t³. -STAT ; ENSTATITE , from Greek -stat ¶s, one that causes to stand, a standing. III. Zero-grade form *st- , *st( …)- (before vowels). 1. Reduplicated form *si-st( …)-. a. ASSIST , CONSIST , DESIST , EXIST , INSIST , INTERSTICE , PERSIST , RESIST , SUBSIST , from Latin sistere , to set, place, stop, stand; b. APOSTASY , CATASTASIS , DIASTASIS , ECSTASY , EPISTASIS , EPISTEMOLOGY , HYPOSTASIS , ICONOSTASIS , ISOSTASY , METASTASIS , PROSTATE , SYSTEM , from Greek histanai (aorist stanai ), to set, place, with stasis ( *st …-ti-), a standing (see II. 5. e .); c. HISTO- ; HISTIOCYTE , from Greek histos , web, tissue ( < " that which is set up "). 2. Compound form *tri-st-i- , " third person standing by " (see trei- ). 3. Compound form *por-st-i- , " that which stands before " ( *por- , before, forth; see per 1 ). POST 1 , from Latin postis , post. 4. Suffixed form *st-o- in compound *upo-st-o- , " one who stands under " (see upo ). IV. Extended root *st ³u- ( < *sta …u-), becoming *stau- before consonants, *st ³w- before vowels; basic meaning " stout-standing, strong. " 1. Suffixed extended form *st ³w-³. STOW , from Old English st ½w, place, from Germanic *st ½w½. 2. Probable o-grade suffixed extended form *st ½w-y³. STOA , STOIC , from Greek stoa , porch. 3. Suffixed extended form *stau-ro- . a. (i) STORE ; INSTAURATION , from Latin º nstaur³re, to restore, set upright again ( in- , on; see en ); (ii) RESTORE , from Latin restaur ³re, to restore, rebuild ( re- , anew, again; see re- ); b. STAUROLITE , from Greek stauros , cross, post, stake. 4. Variant *tau-ro- , bull (see tauro- ). V. Zero-grade extended root *st ¿- ( < *stu …-). Suffixed form *st ¿-lo-. STYLITE ; AMPHISTYLAR , ASTYLAR , EPISTYLE , HYPOSTYLE , PERISTYLE , PROSTYLE , STYLOBATE , from Greek stulos , pillar. VI. Secondary full-grade form *steu …-. Suffixed form *steu …-ro-. THERAVADA , from Sanskrit sthavira- , thick, stout, old. VII. Variant zero-grade extended root *stu- . Suffixed form *stu-t- . STUD 1 , from Old English stuthu , studu , post, prop. VIII. Secondary full-grade form *steu- . 1. Suffixed form *steu-r ³. STARBOARD , from Old English st ¶or-, a steering, from Germanic *steur ½, " a steering. " 2. a. STEER 1 , from Old English st ºeran, st ¶ran, to steer; b. STERN 2 , from Middle English sterne , stern of a boat, possibly from a source akin to Old Norse stj ½rn, a rudder, a steering, derivative of st þra, to steer. Both a and b from Germanic denominative *steurjan . 3. Suffixed form *steu-ro- , a larger domestic animal. STEER 2 , from Old English st ¶or, steer, from Germanic *steuraz , ox. 4. STIRK , from Old English st ºrc, stierc , calf, from Germanic diminutive *steur-ika- , probably from st ³-. [ Pokorny st ³- 1004. ]

sway ( sw³) v. swayed sway·ing sways v. intr. 1. To swing back and forth or to and fro. See note at swing . 2. To incline or bend to one side; veer: She swayed and put out a hand to steady herself. 3. a. To incline toward change, as in opinion or feeling. b. To fluctuate, as in outlook. v. tr. 1. To cause to swing back and forth or to and fro. 2. To cause to incline or bend to one side. 3. Nautical To hoist (a mast or yard) into position. 4. a. To divert; deflect. b. To exert influence on or control over: His speech swayed the voters. 5. Archaic a. To rule or govern. b. To wield, as a weapon or scepter. n. 1. The act of moving from side to side with a swinging motion. 2. Power; influence. 3. Dominion or control. [Middle English sweien probably of Scandinavian origin] sway "er n. sway "ing·ly adv.

tray ( tr³) n. 1. A shallow, flat receptacle with a raised edge or rim, used for carrying, holding, or displaying articles. 2. A shallow, flat receptacle with its contents: took the patient a dinner tray. [Middle English from Old English tr¶g;See deru- in Indo-European Roots.]

deru- . Important derivatives are: tree truce true truth trust tray trough trim tar 1 endure druid Also dreu- To be firm, solid, steadfast; hence specialized senses " wood," " tree," and derivatives referring to objects made of wood. I. 1. Suffixed variant form *drew-o- . a. TREE , from Old English tr ¶ow, tree, from Germanic *trewam ; b. TRUCE , from Old English tr ¶ow, pledge, from Germanic *treuw ½. 2. Variant form dreu- . a. TRUE , from Old English tr ¶owe, firm, true; b. TROW , from Old English tr ¶owian, tr ¿wian, to trust; c. TRIG 1 , from Old Norse tryggr , firm, true; d. TROTH , TRUTH ; BETROTH , from Old English tr ¶owth faith, loyalty, truth, from Germanic abstract noun *treuwith ½; e. TRUST , from Old Norse traust , confidence, firmness, from Germanic abstract noun *traustam ; f. TRYST , from Old French triste , waiting place ( < " place where one waits trustingly "), probably from a source akin to Old Norse denominative treysta , to trust, make firm. a, b, c, d, e, and f all from Germanic *treuwaz . 3. Variant form *drou- . TRAY , from Old English tr ¶g, tr ºg, wooden board, from Germanic *traujam . 4. Suffixed zero-grade form *dru-ko- . TROUGH , from Old English trog , wooden vessel, tray, from Germanic *trugaz . 5. Suffixed zero-grade form *dru-mo- . a. TRIM , from Old English trum , firm, strong; b. SHELTER , from Old English truma , troop. Both a and b from Germanic *trum- . 6. Variant form *derw- . TAR 1 , from Old English te(o)ru , resin, pitch (obtained from the pine tree), from Germanic *terw- . 7. Suffixed variant form *dr ¿-ro-. DOUR , DURAMEN , DURESS , DURUM ; ( DURA MATER ), ENDURE , INDURATE , OBDURATE , from Latin d ¿rus, hard (many of whose English derivatives represent a semantic cross with Latin d ¿r³re, to last long; see deu …-). 8. Lengthened zero-grade form *dr ¿-. DRUPE , DRYAD ; DRYOPITHECINE , GERMANDER , HAMADRYAD , from Greek drus , oak. 9. Reduplicated form *der-drew- , dissimilated with suffix in *der-drew-on . DENDRO- , DENDRON ; PHILODENDRON , RHODODENDRON , from Greek dendron , tree. 10. DRUID , from Latin druides , druids, probably from Celtic compound *dru-wid- , " strong seer " ( *wid- , seeing; see weid- ), the Celtic priestly caste. 11. O-grade form *doru- . DEODAR , from Sanskrit d ³ru, wood, timber. [ Pokorny deru- 214. ]