17. Despair may take over when all rational hope has ........................

de·spair ( d¹-spâr") v. intr. de·spaired de·spair·ing de·spairs 1. To lose all hope: despaired of reaching shore safely. 2. To be overcome by a sense of futility or defeat. n. 1. Complete loss of hope. 2. One despaired of or causing despair: unmotivated students that are the despair of their teachers. [Middle English despeiren from Old French desperer from Latin d¶sp¶r³red¶- de- sp¶r³re to hope; See sp ¶- in Indo-European Roots.N., from Middle English despeir from Anglo-Norman from Old French desperer to despair]

Synonyms: despair hopelessness desperation despondency discouragement These nouns denote loss of hope. Despair and hopelessness stress the utter absence of hope and often imply a sense of powerlessness or resignation: When the bank repossessed the house, their depression turned to despair. A spirit of hopelessness pervaded the refugee camp. Desperation is despair that drives a person to take risky, often reckless action: " The mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation " (Henry David Thoreau). Despondency emphasizes depression of spirit resulting from cessation of hope and a belief that continued efforts will fail: Her despondency arises from her inability to find employment. Discouragement denotes loss of confidence or courage in the face of obstacles but is the weakest of these terms: The farmer experienced moments of discouragement over the failure of his crops.

sp ¶-. Important derivatives are: speed despair prosper To thrive, prosper. I. Contracted from *spe …-. 1. Suffixed o-grade form *sp ½-ti-. SPEED , from Old English sp ¶d, success, from Germanic *sp ½diz. 2. Suffixed form *sp ¶-s-. DESPAIR , ESPERANCE , from Latin sp ¶r³re, to hope, denominative of sp ¶s (plural sp ¶r¶s), hope. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form *sp …-ro-. PROSPER , from Latin prosperus , favorable, prosperous (traditionally regarded as from pr ½ sp ¶r¶, according to one's hope; pro- , according to; see per 1 ). [ Pokorny 3. sp(h) ¶i- 983. ]

add ( ²d) v. add·ed add·ing adds v. tr. 1. To combine (a column of figures, for example) to form a sum. 2. To join or unite so as to increase in size, quantity, quality, or scope: added 12 inches to the deck; flowers that added beauty to the dinner table. 3. To say or write further. v. intr. 1. To find a sum in arithmetic. 2. a. To constitute an addition: an exploit that will add to her reputation. b. To create or make an addition: gradually added to my meager savings.

Phrasal Verbs: add up 1. To be reasonable, plausible, or consistent; make sense: The witness's testimony simply did not add up. 2. To amount to an expected total: a bill that didn't add up. 3. To formulate an opinion of: added up the other competitors in one glance.

Idioms: add up to 1. To constitute; amount: This movie adds up to a lot of tears. [Middle English adden from Latin addere ad- ad- dare to give; See d ½- in Indo-European Roots.] add "a·ble or add "i·ble adj.

aid ( ³d) v. intr. tr. aid·ed aid·ing aids 1. To furnish with help, support, or relief. See note at help . n. 1. The act or result of helping; assistance. 2. a. An assistant or a helper. b. A device that assists: visual aids such as slides. c. A hearing aid. 3. An aide or an aide-de-camp. 4. A monetary payment to a feudal lord by a vassal in medieval England. [Middle English aiden from Old French aider from Latin adi¿t³re frequentative of adiuv³re adi¿t-to help ad- to; See ad- in Indo-European Roots. iuv³re to help] aid "er n.

bide ( bºd) v. bid·ed or bode ( b½d) bid·ed bid·ing bides v. intr. 1. To remain in a condition or state. 2. a. To wait; tarry. b. To stay: bide at home. c. To be left; remain. v. tr. 1. past tense bided To await; wait for.

Idioms: bide (one's) time 1. To wait for further developments. [Middle English biden from Old English bºdan;See bheidh- in Indo-European Roots.]

bode 1 ( b½d) v. tr. bod·ed bod·ing bodes 1. To be an omen of: heavy seas that boded trouble for small craft. 2. Archaic To predict; foretell. [Middle English boden from Old English bodian to announce; See bheudh- in Indo-European Roots.]

cede ( s¶d) v. tr. ced·ed ced·ing cedes 1. To surrender possession of, especially by treaty. See note at relinquish . 2. To yield; grant: The debater refused to cede the point to her opponent. [French céder from Old French from Latin c¶dere;See ked- in Indo-European Roots.]

code ( k½d) n. 1. A systematically arranged and comprehensive collection of laws. 2. A systematic collection of regulations and rules of procedure or conduct: a traffic code. 3. a. A system of signals used to represent letters or numbers in transmitting messages. b. A system of symbols, letters, or words given certain arbitrary meanings, used for transmitting messages requiring secrecy or brevity. 4. A system of symbols and rules used to represent instructions to a computer. 5. Genetics The genetic code. 6. Slang A patient whose heart has stopped beating, as in cardiac arrest. v. cod·ed cod·ing codes v. tr. 1. To systematize and arrange (laws and regulations) into a code. 2. To convert (a message, for example) into code. v. intr. 1. Genetics To specify the genetic code for an amino acid or a polypeptide. 2. Slang To go into cardiac arrest. [Middle English from Old French from Latin c½dex book; See codex ]

code ( k½d) n. 1. A systematically arranged and comprehensive collection of laws. 2. A systematic collection of regulations and rules of procedure or conduct: a traffic code. 3. a. A system of signals used to represent letters or numbers in transmitting messages. b. A system of symbols, letters, or words given certain arbitrary meanings, used for transmitting messages requiring secrecy or brevity. 4. A system of symbols and rules used to represent instructions to a computer. 5. Genetics The genetic code. 6. Slang A patient whose heart has stopped beating, as in cardiac arrest. v. cod·ed cod·ing codes v. tr. 1. To systematize and arrange (laws and regulations) into a code. 2. To convert (a message, for example) into code. v. intr. 1. Genetics To specify the genetic code for an amino acid or a polypeptide. 2. Slang To go into cardiac arrest. [Middle English from Old French from Latin c½dex book; See codex ]

end ( µnd) n. 1. Either extremity of something that has length: the end of the pier. 2. The outside or extreme edge or physical limit; a boundary: the end of town. 3. The point in time when an action, an event, or a phenomenon ceases or is completed; the conclusion: the end of the day. 4. A result; an outcome. 5. Something toward which one strives; a goal. See note at intention . 6. The termination of life or existence; death: " A man awaits his end/Dreading and hoping all " William Butler Yeats 7. The ultimate extent; the very limit: the end of one's patience. 8. Slang The very best; the ultimate: This pizza's the end. 9. A remainder; a remnant. 10. a. A share of a responsibility or obligation: your end of the bargain. b. A particular area of responsibility: in charge of the business end of the campaign. 11. Football a. Either of the players in the outermost position on the line of scrimmage. b. The position played by such a player. v. end·ed end·ing ends v. tr. 1. To bring to a conclusion. 2. To form the last or concluding part of: the song that ended the performance. 3. To destroy: ended our hopes. v. intr. 1. To come to a finish; cease. See note at complete . 2. To die.

Idioms: in the end 1. Eventually; ultimately: All will turn out well in the end. no end 1. A great deal: She had no end of stories to tell. [Middle English ende from Old English; See ant- in Indo-European Roots.]

fade ( f³d) v. fad·ed fad·ing fades v. intr. 1. To lose brightness, loudness, or brilliance gradually; dim: The lights and music faded as we set sail from the harbor. 2. To lose freshness; wither: summer flowers that had faded. 3. To lose strength or vitality; wane: youthful energy that had faded over the years. 4. To disappear gradually; vanish: a hope that faded. See note at disappear . v. tr. 1. To cause to lose brightness, freshness, or strength: Time has faded her beauty. 2. Football To move back from the scrimmage line. Used of a quarterback. 3. Games To meet the bet of (an opposing player) in dice. n. 1. A gradual diminution in the brightness or visibility of an image in cinema or television. 2. A periodic reduction in the received strength of a radio transmission.

Phrasal Verbs: fade in 1. To appear gradually. 2. To cause to appear or be heard gradually. Used of a cinematic or television image or of a sound. fade out 1. To disappear gradually. 2. To cause to disappear gradually. Used of a cinematic or television image or of a sound. [Middle English faden from Old French fader from fade faded probably from Vulgar Latin *fatidus alteration of Latin fatuus insipid]

hide 2 ( hºd) n. 1. The skin of an animal, especially the thick, tough skin or pelt of a large animal. v. tr. hid·ed hid·ing hides 1. To beat severely; flog.

Idioms: hide nor hair 1. A trace; a vestige: haven't seen hide nor hair of them since the argument. [Middle English from Old English hþd;See (s)keu- in Indo-European Roots.]

jad·ed ( j³"d¹d) adj. 1. Worn out; wearied: " My father's words had left me jaded and depressed " William Styron 2. Dulled by surfeit; sated: " the sickeningly sweet life of the amoral, jaded, bored upper classes " John Simon 3. Cynically or pretentiously callous. jad "ed·ly adv. jad "ed·ness n.

jade 2 ( j³d) v. jad·ed jad·ing jades v. tr. 1. To wear out, as by overuse or overindulgence. See note at tire 1 . v. intr. 1. To become weary or spiritless. n. 1. A broken-down or useless horse; a nag. 2. A woman regarded as disreputable or shrewish. [Middle English iade Swedish dialectal jälda mare possibly of Finno-Ugric origin]

lade ( l³d) v. lad·ed lad·en ( l³d"n) or lad·ed lad·ing lades v. tr. 1. a. To load with or as if with cargo. b. To place (something) as a load for or as if for shipment. 2. To burden or oppress; weigh down. 3. To take up or remove (water) with a ladle or dipper. v. intr. 1. To take on cargo. 2. To ladle a liquid. [Middle English laden from Old English hladan]

rede ( r¶d) v. tr. red·ed red·ing redes 1. To give advice to; counsel. 2. To interpret; explain. n. 1. Advice or counsel. 2. Archaic A narration. [Middle English reden from Old English rÆdan;See ar- in Indo-European Roots.]

sid·ed ( sº"d¹d) adj. 1. Having sides usually of a specified number or kind. Often used in combination: many-sided; marble-sided. sid "ed·ness n.

side ( sºd) n. 1. Mathematics a. A line bounding a plane figure. b. A surface bounding a solid figure. 2. A surface of an object, especially a surface joining a top and bottom: the four sides of a box. 3. A surface of an object that extends more or less perpendicularly from an observer standing in front: the side of the ship. 4. Either of the two surfaces of a flat object: the front side of a piece of paper; the two sides of a record. 5. a. The part within an object or area to the left or right of the observer or of its vertical axis. b. The left or right half of the trunk of a human or animal body: always sleeps on his side; a side of beef. 6. a. The space immediately next to someone: stood at her father's side. b. The space immediately next to something. Often used in combination: courtside; dockside. 7. One of two or more contrasted parts or places within an area, identified by its location with respect to a center: the north side of the park. 8. An area separated from another area by an intervening feature, such as a line or barrier: on this side of the Atlantic; the district on the other side of the railroad tracks. 9. a. One of two or more opposing individuals, groups, teams, or sets of opinions. b. One of the positions maintained in a dispute or debate. 10. A distinct aspect: the shy side of his personality. See note at phase . 11. Line of descent: my aunt on my mother's side. 12. Chiefly British Affected superiority; arrogance. adj. 1. Located on a side: a side door. 2. From or to one side; oblique: a side view. 3. Minor; incidental: a side interest. 4. In addition to the main part; supplementary: a side benefit. v. sid·ed sid·ing sides v. tr. 1. To provide sides or siding for: side a frame house with aluminum. 2. To be positioned next to: a couch that is sided by low tables. 3. To be in agreement with; support. v. intr. 1. To align oneself in a disagreement: sided with the conservatives in Congress; siding against the bill.

Idioms: on the side 1. In addition to the main portion: coleslaw on the side. 2. In addition to the main occupation or activity: did some consulting work on the side. side by side 1. Next to each other; close together. this side of Informal 1. Verging on; short of: shady deals that were just this side of criminal. [Middle English from Old English sºde]

tide 1 ( tºd) n. 1. a. The periodic variation in the surface level of the oceans and of bays, gulfs, inlets, and estuaries, caused by gravitational attraction of the moon and sun. b. A specific occurrence of such a variation: awaiting the next high tide. c. Flood tide. 2. Stress exerted on a body or part of a body by gravitational attraction of another: atmospheric tide; the tides that wrack Saturn's moons. 3. Something that fluctuates like the waters of the tide: a rising tide of discontent. See note at flow . 4. A time or season. Often used in combination: eventide; Christmastide; Shrovetide. 5. A favorable occasion; an opportunity. v. tid·ed tid·ing tides v. intr. 1. To rise and fall like the tide. 2. Nautical To drift or ride with the tide: tided off the reef; tiding up the Hudson. v. tr. 1. To carry along with or as if with the tide.

Phrasal Verbs: tide over 1. To support through a difficult period: I asked for $100 to tide me over till payday. [Middle English from Old English tºd division of time; See d ³- in Indo-European Roots.]

tide 2 ( tºd) v. intr. tid·ed tid·ing tides Archaic 1. To betide; befall. [Middle English tiden from Old English tºdan;See d ³- in Indo-European Roots.]

wade ( w³d) v. wad·ed wad·ing wades v. intr. 1. To walk in or through water or something else that similarly impedes normal movement. 2. To make one's way arduously: waded through a boring report. v. tr. 1. To cross or pass through (water, for example) with difficulty: wade a swift creek. n. 1. The act or an instance of wading.

Phrasal Verbs: wade in or wade into 1. To plunge into, begin, or attack resolutely and energetically: waded into the task. [Middle English waden from Old English wadan]