dig ( d¹g) v. dug ( d¾g) dig·ging digs v. tr. 1. To break up, turn over, or remove (earth or sand, for example), as with a shovel, a spade, or the hands. 2. To make or form by removing earth or other material: dug my way out of the snow. 3. To obtain or unearth by digging: dig coal; a dog digging bones. 4. To learn or discover by careful research or investigation: dug up the evidence; dug out the real facts. 5. To force down and into something; thrust: dug his foot in the ground. 6. To poke or prod: dug me in the ribs. 7. Slang a. To understand fully: Do you dig what I mean? b. To like, enjoy, or appreciate: " They really dig our music and, daddy, I dig swinging for them " Louis Armstrong c. To take notice of: Dig that wild outfit. v. intr. 1. To loosen, turn over, or remove earth or other material. 2. To make one's way by or as if by pushing aside or removing material: dug through the files. 3. Slang To have understanding: Do you dig? n. 1. A poke or thrust: a sharp dig in the ribs. 2. A sarcastic, taunting remark; a gibe. 3. An archaeological excavation. 4. digs Chiefly British Lodgings.

Phrasal Verbs: dig in 1. To dig trenches for protection. 2. To hold on stubbornly, as to a position; entrench oneself. 3. a. To begin to work intensively. b. To begin to eat heartily. [Middle English diggen perhaps akin to Old French digue dike, trench; See dh ºg w - in Indo-European Roots.V., tr., sense 7 and intr., sense 3, perhaps influenced by Wolof degg to hear, find out, understand or Irish Gaelic tuigim I understand; See twig 2 ]

dh ºg w -. Important derivatives are: dike 1 ditch dig fix prefix To stick, fix. I. 1. a. DIKE 1 , DITCH , from Old English d ºc, trench, moat; b. DIG , from Middle English diggen , to dig, from a source perhaps akin to Old French digue , trench. Both a and b from Germanic *d ºk-. 2. FIBULA , FICHU , FINCA , FIX , ( FIXATE ), ( FIXITY ), ( FIXTURE ); AFFIX , ANTEFIX , CRUCIFY , INFIX , MICROFICHE , PREFIX , SUFFIX , TRANSFIX , from Latin f ºgere, to fasten, fix. [ Pokorny dh ¶ig ø - 243. ]

boil 1 ( boil) v. boiled boil·ing boils v. intr. 1. a. To change from a liquid to a vapor by the application of heat: All the water boiled away and left the kettle dry. b. To reach the boiling point. c. To undergo the action of boiling, especially in being cooked. 2. To be in a state of agitation; seethe: a river boiling over the rocks. 3. To be stirred up or greatly excited: The mere idea made me boil. v. tr. 1. a. To vaporize (a liquid) by the application of heat. b. To heat to the boiling point. 2. To cook or clean by boiling. 3. To separate by evaporation in the process of boiling: boil the maple sap. n. 1. The condition or act of boiling. 2. Lower Southern U.S. A picnic featuring shrimp, crab, or crayfish boiled in large pots with spices, and then shelled and eaten by hand. 3. An agitated, swirling, roiling mass of liquid: " Those tumbling boils show a dissolving bar and a changing channel there " Mark Twain

Phrasal Verbs: boil down 1. To reduce in bulk or size by boiling. 2. To condense; summarize: boiled down the complex document. 3. To constitute the equivalent of in summary: The scathing editorial simply boils down to an exercise in partisan politics. boil over 1. To overflow while boiling. 2. To lose one's temper. [Middle English boillen from Old French boillir from Latin bullºre]

Synonyms: boil simmer seethe stew To boil is to cook in a liquid heated to a temperature at which it bubbles up and gives off vapor: boil potatoes . Figuratively boil pertains to intense agitation: She boiled with resentment. Simmer denotes gentle cooking just at or below the boiling point ( Let the stock simmer for several hours ); figuratively it refers to a state of gentle ferment ( Plans were simmering in his mind ). Seethe emphasizes in both senses the turbulence of steady boiling at high temperature: Water seethed in the caldron. " The city had all through the interval been seething with discontent " (John R. Green). Stew refers literally to slow boiling and figuratively to a persistent but not violent state of agitation: I always add a little Madeira to the liquid when I stew prunes. " They don't want a man to fret and stew about his work " (William H. Whyte, Jr.).

boil 2 ( boil) n. 1. A painful, circumscribed pus-filled inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue usually caused by a local staphylococcal infection. Also Called furuncle . [Middle English bile from Old English bþle]

boll ( b½l) n. 1. The seed-bearing capsule of certain plants, especially cotton and flax. [Middle English from Middle Dutch bolle round object; See bhel- 2 in Indo-European Roots.]

bhel- 2 . Important derivatives are: bowl 1 bulk 1 boulevard boulder bull 1 phallus ball 1 balloon ballot bold fool To blow, swell; with derivatives referring to various round objects and to the notion of tumescent masculinity. I. 1. Zero-grade form bh §-. a. BOWL 1 , from Old English bolla , pot, bowl; b. BOLE , from Old Norse bolr , tree trunk; c. BULK , from Old Norse bulki , cargo ( < " rolled-up load "); d. ROCAMBOLE , from Old High German bolla , ball; e. ( BOULEVARD ), BULWARK , from Middle High German bole , beam, plank; f. BOLL , from Middle Dutch bolle , round object; g. BILTONG , from Middle Dutch bille , buttock; h. BOULDER , from a Scandinavian source akin to Swedish bullersten , " rounded stone, " boulder, from *buller- , " round object. " a, b, c, d, e, f, g, and h all from Germanic *bul- . 2. Suffixed zero-grade form *bh §-n-. a. BULL 1 , from Old Norse boli , bull, from Germanic *bull ½n-, bull; b. BULLOCK , from Old English bulluc , bull, from Germanic *bulluka- ; c. PHALLUS ; ITHYPHALLIC , from Greek phallos , phallus; d. FULL 2 , from Latin full ½, a fuller, possibly from bhel- 2 . 3. O-grade form *bhol- . a. BOLLIX , from Old English beallucas , testicles; b. BALL 1 , from Old English *beall , ball; c. BILBERRY , probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Danish bolle , round roll; d. BALLOON , BALLOT , ( BALLOTTEMENT ), from Italian dialectal balla , ball; e. PALL-MALL , from Italian palla , ball; f. BALE 1 , from Old French bale , rolled-up bundle. a, b, c, d, e, and f all from Germanic *ball- . 4. Possibly suffixed o-grade form *bhol-to- . a. BOLD , from Old English bald , beald , bold; b. BAWD , from Old Low German bald , bold. Both a and b from Germanic *balthaz , bold. 5. Suffixed o-grade form *bhol-n- . FILS 2 , FOLLICLE , FOOL ; ( FOLLICULITIS ), from Latin follis , bellows, inflated ball. 6. BALEEN , from Greek phal(l)aina , whale, possibly from bhel- 2 . 7. PHELLEM ; PHELLODERM , PHELLOGEN , from Greek phellos , cork, cork oak, conceivably from bhel- 2 (but more likely unrelated). [ Pokorny 3. bhel- 120. (The following derivatives of this root are entered separately: bhel- 3 , bhelgh- , bhleu- .) ]

bowl 1 ( b½l) n. 1. a. A hemispherical vessel, wider than it is deep, used for holding food or fluids. b. The contents of such a vessel. 2. A drinking goblet. 3. A bowl-shaped part, as of a spoon or pipe. 4. a. A bowl-shaped topographic depression. b. A bowl-shaped stadium or outdoor theater. 5. Football Any of various post-season games played between specially selected teams. [Middle English bowle from Old English bolla; See bhel- 2 in Indo-European Roots.]

bowl 2 ( b½l) n. 1. A large wooden ball weighted or slightly flattened so as to roll with a bias. 2. Sports A roll or throw of the ball, as in bowling. 3. bowls used with a sing. verb Sports Games See lawn bowling . 4. A revolving cylinder or drum in a machine. v. bowled bowl·ing bowls v. intr. 1. Sports a. To participate in a game of bowling. b. To throw or roll a ball in bowling. c. To hurl a cricket ball from one end of the pitch toward the batsman at the other, keeping the arm straight throughout the delivery. 2. To move quickly and smoothly, especially by rolling: The children bowled along on their bicycles. v. tr. 1. To throw or roll (a ball). 2. Sports a. To achieve (a specified score) by bowling. b. To perform (a specified amount, as a string or game) in bowling. 3. To move quickly and smoothly by or as if by rolling: bowled a tire from the garage. 4. To meet or strike with or as if with the force of a rapidly rolling object.

Phrasal Verbs: bowl out Sports 1. To retire (a batsman in cricket) with a bowled ball that knocks the bails off the wicket. bowl over 1. To take by surprise. 2. To make a powerful impression on; overwhelm. [Middle English boule from Old French from Latin bulla round object]

bhel- 2 . Important derivatives are: bowl 1 bulk 1 boulevard boulder bull 1 phallus ball 1 balloon ballot bold fool To blow, swell; with derivatives referring to various round objects and to the notion of tumescent masculinity. I. 1. Zero-grade form bh §-. a. BOWL 1 , from Old English bolla , pot, bowl; b. BOLE , from Old Norse bolr , tree trunk; c. BULK , from Old Norse bulki , cargo ( < " rolled-up load "); d. ROCAMBOLE , from Old High German bolla , ball; e. ( BOULEVARD ), BULWARK , from Middle High German bole , beam, plank; f. BOLL , from Middle Dutch bolle , round object; g. BILTONG , from Middle Dutch bille , buttock; h. BOULDER , from a Scandinavian source akin to Swedish bullersten , " rounded stone, " boulder, from *buller- , " round object. " a, b, c, d, e, f, g, and h all from Germanic *bul- . 2. Suffixed zero-grade form *bh §-n-. a. BULL 1 , from Old Norse boli , bull, from Germanic *bull ½n-, bull; b. BULLOCK , from Old English bulluc , bull, from Germanic *bulluka- ; c. PHALLUS ; ITHYPHALLIC , from Greek phallos , phallus; d. FULL 2 , from Latin full ½, a fuller, possibly from bhel- 2 . 3. O-grade form *bhol- . a. BOLLIX , from Old English beallucas , testicles; b. BALL 1 , from Old English *beall , ball; c. BILBERRY , probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Danish bolle , round roll; d. BALLOON , BALLOT , ( BALLOTTEMENT ), from Italian dialectal balla , ball; e. PALL-MALL , from Italian palla , ball; f. BALE 1 , from Old French bale , rolled-up bundle. a, b, c, d, e, and f all from Germanic *ball- . 4. Possibly suffixed o-grade form *bhol-to- . a. BOLD , from Old English bald , beald , bold; b. BAWD , from Old Low German bald , bold. Both a and b from Germanic *balthaz , bold. 5. Suffixed o-grade form *bhol-n- . FILS 2 , FOLLICLE , FOOL ; ( FOLLICULITIS ), from Latin follis , bellows, inflated ball. 6. BALEEN , from Greek phal(l)aina , whale, possibly from bhel- 2 . 7. PHELLEM ; PHELLODERM , PHELLOGEN , from Greek phellos , cork, cork oak, conceivably from bhel- 2 (but more likely unrelated). [ Pokorny 3. bhel- 120. (The following derivatives of this root are entered separately: bhel- 3 , bhelgh- , bhleu- .) ]

coal ( k½l) n. 1. a. A natural dark brown to black graphitelike material used as a fuel, formed from fossilized plants and consisting of amorphous carbon with various organic and some inorganic compounds. b. A piece of this substance. 2. A glowing or charred piece of solid fuel. 3. Charcoal. n. attributive. 1. Often used to modify another noun: coal miners; coal seams; coal haulers. v. coaled coal·ing coals v. tr. 1. To burn (a combustible solid) to a charcoal residue. 2. To provide with coal. v. intr. 1. To take on coal. [Middle English col from Old English]

Coil 1 ( koil) n. 1. a. A series of connected spirals or concentric rings formed by gathering or winding: a coil of rope; long coils of hair. b. An individual spiral or ring within such a series. 2. A spiral pipe or series of spiral pipes, as in a radiator. 3. Electricity a. A wound spiral of two or more turns of insulated wire, used to introduce inductance into a circuit. b. Any of various devices of which such a spiral is the major component. 4. A roll of postage stamps prepared for use in a vending machine. v. coiled coil·ing coils v. tr. 1. To wind in concentric rings or spirals. 2. To wind into a shape resembling a coil. v. intr. 1. To form concentric rings or spirals. 2. To move in a spiral course: black smoke coiling up into the sky. [Probably from obsolete French coillir to gather up from Latin colligere; See collect 1 ] coil "er n.

coil 2 ( koil) n. 1. A disturbance; a fuss. [Origin unknown]

leg- . Important derivatives are: leech 1 lectern lecture legend legible legion lesson coil 1 collect 1 diligent elect intelligent neglect sacrilege select lexicon catalog dialect dialogue eclectic legal legitimate loyal legislator privilege legacy allege colleague delegate relegate logic analogous apology epilogue logarithm prologue syllogism To collect; with derivatives meaning " to speak. " I. 1. LEECH 1 , from Old English l Æce, physician, from Germanic *l ¶kjaz, enchanter, one who speaks magic words, perhaps from leg- . 2. LECTERN , ( LECTION ), LECTURE , LEGEND , LEGIBLE , LEGION , LESSON ; ( COIL 1 ), COLLECT 1 , DILIGENT , ELECT , INTELLIGENT , NEGLECT , PRELECT , SACRILEGE , SELECT , SORTILEGE , from Latin legere , to gather, choose, pluck, read. 3. LEXICON , LOGION , -LOGUE , -LOGY ; ALEXIA , ANALECTS , ANTHOLOGY , CATALOG , DIALECT , ( DIALOGUE ), DYSLEXIA , ECLECTIC , HOROLOGE , PROLEGOMENON , from Greek legein , to gather, speak, with logos , speech (see 6 ). 4. Suffixed form *leg-no- . LIGNEOUS , LIGNI- , from Latin lignum , wood, firewood ( < " that which is gathered "). 5. Possibly lengthened-grade form *l ¶g-. a. LEGAL , LEGIST , LEGITIMATE , LEX , LOYAL ; LEGISLATOR , PRIVILEGE , from Latin l ¶x, law (? < " collection of rules "); b. LEGACY , LEGATE ; COLLEAGUE , ( COLLEGIAL ), DELEGATE , RELEGATE , from Latin denominative l ¶g³re, to depute, commission, charge ( < " to engage by contract "; but possibly from legh- ). 6. Suffixed o-grade form *log-o- . LOGIC , LOGISTIC , LOGO- , LOGOS , -LOGY ; ANALOGOUS , APOLOGUE , APOLOGY , DECALOGUE , EPILOGUE , HOMOLOGOUS , LOGARITHM , PARALOGISM , PROLOGUE , SYLLOGISM , from Greek logos , speech, word, reason. [ Pokorny le ª- 658. ]

cool ( k›l) adj. cool·er cool·est 1. Neither warm nor very cold; moderately cold: fresh, cool water; a cool autumn evening. 2. Giving or suggesting relief from heat: a cool breeze; a cool blouse. 3. Marked by calm self-control: a cool negotiator. 4. Marked by indifference, disdain, or dislike; unfriendly or unresponsive: a cool greeting; was cool to the idea of higher taxes. 5. Of, relating to, or characteristic of colors, such as blue and green, that produce the impression of coolness. 6. Slang Excellent; first-rate: has a cool sports car; had a cool time at the party. 7. Slang Entire; full: worth a cool million. v. cooled cool·ing cools v. tr. 1. To make less warm. 2. To make less ardent, intense, or zealous: problems that soon cooled my enthusiasm for the project. v. intr. 1. To become less warm: took a dip to cool off. 2. To become calmer: needed time for tempers to cool. n. 1. A cool place, part, or time: the cool of early morning. 2. The state or quality of being cool. 3. Slang Composure; poise: " Our release marked a victory. The nation had kept its cool " Moorhead Kennedy

Idioms: cool it Slang 1. To calm down; relax. cool (one's) heels Informal 1. To wait or be kept waiting. [Middle English cole from Old English c½l;See gel- in Indo-European Roots.] cool "ish adj. cool "ly adv. cool "ness n.

Synonyms: cool composed collected unruffled nonchalant imperturbable detached These adjectives apply to persons, their attitudes, their behavior, or their actions to indicate absence of excitement or discomposure, especially in times of stress. Cool usually implies merely a high degree of self-control, though it may also indicate aloofness: " Keep strong, if possible. In any case, keep cool. Have unlimited patience " (B.H. Liddell Hart). " An honest hater is often a better fellow than a cool friend " (John Stuart Blackie). Composed implies a serene, often sedate quality arising from self-discipline: The performer was composed as she readied herself for her entrance on stage. Collected suggests self-possessed composure: The witness remained collected throughout the cross-examination. Unruffled emphasizes calm despite circumstances that might elicit agitation: " with contented mind and unruffled spirit " (Anthony Trollope). Nonchalant describes a casual manner that may suggest, sometimes misleadingly, a lack of interest or concern: He doesn't seem excited; on the contrary, his demeanor is easy and nonchalant. Imperturbable stresses unshakable calmness considered usually as an inherent trait rather than as a product of self-discipline: " A man . . ./Cool, and quite English, imperturbable " (Byron). Detached implies aloofness resulting either from lack of active concern or from resistance to emotional involvement: She may be detached, she may even be unfeeling, but at least she's not hypocritically effusive. cold

gel- . Important derivatives are: chill cold cool jelly glacier Cold; to freeze. I. 1. CHILL , from Old English c(i)ele , chill, from Germanic *kaliz , coldness. 2. COLD , from Old English ceald , cold, from Germanic *kaldaz , cold. 3. a. COOL , from Old English c ½l, cold, cool; b. KEEL 3 , from Old English c ¶lan, to cool, from Germanic *k ½ljan, to cool. Both a and b from Germanic *k ½l-, cool. 4. Suffixed form *gel- ³-. GELATIN , GELATION , JELLY ; CONGEAL , from Latin gel ³re, to freeze. 5. Suffixed form *gel-u- . GELID , from Latin gel ¿, frost, cold. 6. Probably suffixed zero-grade form *g §-k-. ( GLACé ), GLACIAL , GLACIATE , GLACIER , GLACIS , from Latin glaci ¶s, ice. [ Pokorny 3. gel( …)- 365. ]

cowl ( koul) n. 1. a. The hood or hooded robe worn especially by a monk. b. A draped neckline on a woman's garment. 2. A hood-shaped covering used to increase the draft of a chimney. 3. The top portion of the front part of an automobile body, supporting the windshield and dashboard. 4. The cowling on an aircraft. v. tr. cowled cowl·ing cowls 1. To cover with or as if with a cowl. [Middle English coule from Old English cugele from Late Latin cuculla from Latin cucullus hood]

Cowl ( koul), Jane . 1884?-1950 1. American actress who enjoyed great success on Broadway in the 1920's and 1930's.

doll ( d¼l) n. 1. A child's usually small toy representing a human being. 2. A pretty child. 3. Slang a. An attractive person. b. A woman. c. A sweetheart or darling. d. A helpful or obliging person.

Phrasal Verbs: doll up Slang 1. To dress oneself smartly and often ostentatiously, especially for a special occasion. 2. To add embellishing details to in order to make much more attractive. [From Doll nickname for Dorothy]

Notes: The word doll has come up in the world, at least if up means moving from the backstairs to the nursery. Doll and Dolly were originally nicknames for Dorothy. Doll, along with other names like Jill and Nan, took on the generic sense of " a mistress, " so we have Shakespeare's Doll Tearsheet and Ben Jonson's Doll Common. This association probably caused the name Dorothy to go out of use temporarily, about the time near the beginning of the 18th century when we find doll first recorded for a child's toy. Doll came to refer to larger beings again, however, for in the latter part of the 18th century it was once more applied to women, this time to pretty, empty-headed women. Doll has gone on to more general applications, and a man can be a doll as well.

foal ( f½l) n. 1. The young offspring of a horse or other equine animal, especially one under a year old. v. intr. foaled foal·ing foals 1. To give birth to a foal. [Middle English fole from Old English fola; See pau- in Indo-European Roots.]

pau- . Important derivatives are: few paucity paraffin pauper poor poverty foal filly pony pullet puerile encyclopedia orthopedics Few, little. I. Adjectival form *pau- , few, little. 1. FEW , from Old English f ¶awe, few, from Germanic *fawaz . 2. Suffixed form *pau-ko- . PAUCITY , POCO , from Latin paucus , little, few. 3. Suffixed form *pau-ro- in metathetical form *par-wo- . PARAFFIN , PARVOVIRUS , from Latin parvus , little, small, neuter parvum , becoming parum , little, rarely. 4. Compound *pau-paros , producing little, poor ( *par-os , producing; see per …- 1 ). PAUPER , POOR , POVERTY , from Latin pauper , poor. II. Suffixed reduced variant form *pu-lo- , young of an animal. 1. FOAL , from Old English fola , young horse, colt, from Germanic *ful ½n-. 2. FILLY , from Old Norse fylja , young female horse, from Germanic derivative *fulj ½. III. Basic form *pau- and variant form *p ü-, boy, child. 1. Suffixed form *pu-ero- . PUERILE , PUERPERAL , from Latin puer , child. 2. Extended form *put- . a. POLTROON , PONY , POOL 2 , POULARD , PULLET ; CATCHPOLE , from Latin pullus ( < *putslo- ), young of an animal, chicken; b. PUSILLANIMOUS , from Latin pusillus ( < *putslo-lo ), old diminutive of pullus . 3. Suffixed form *paw-id- . PEDO- 2 ; ENCYCLOPEDIA , ORTHOPEDICS , from Greek pais (stem paid- ), child ( > paideia , education). [ Pokorny p ½u- 842. ]

foil 1 ( foil) v. tr. foiled foil·ing foils 1. To prevent from being successful; thwart. See note at frustrate . 2. To obscure or confuse (a trail or scent) so as to evade pursuers. n. Archaic 1. A repulse; a setback. 2. The trail or scent of an animal. [Middle English foilen to trample, defile variant of filen to defile; See file 3 ]

foil 2 ( foil) n. 1. A thin, flexible leaf or sheet of metal: aluminum foil. 2. A thin layer of polished metal placed under a displayed gem to lend it brilliance. 3. One that by contrast underscores or enhances the distinctive characteristics of another: " I am resolved my husband shall not be a rival, but a foil to me " Charlotte Brontë 4. The reflective metal coating on the back of a glass mirror. 5. Architecture A curvilinear, often lobelike figure or space formed between the cusps of intersecting arcs, found especially in Gothic tracery and Moorish ornament. 6. a. An airfoil. b. Nautical A hydrofoil. v. tr. foiled foil·ing foils 1. To cover or back with foil. 2. To set off by contrast. [Middle English from Old French foille from Latin folia, pl. of folium leaf; See bhel- 3 in Indo-European Roots.]

foil 3 ( foil) n. 1. A fencing sword having a usually circular guard and a thin, flexible four-sided blade with a button on the tip to prevent injury. 2. Often foils The art or sport of fencing with such a sword: a contest at foils. [Origin unknown]

bhel- 3 . Important derivatives are: foliage folio bloom 1 blossom flora flour flourish flower bleed blood bless blade To thrive, bloom. Possibly from bhel- 2 . I. Suffixed o-grade form *bhol-yo- , leaf. 1. FOIL 2 , ( FOLIAGE ), FOLIO , FOLIUM ; ( CINQUEFOIL ), DEFOLIATE , EXFOLIATE , FEUILLETON , FOLIICOLOUS , MILFOIL , PERFOLIATE , PORTFOLIO , TREFOIL , from Latin folium , leaf. 2. ( -PHYLL ), PHYLLO- , -PHYLLOUS ; CHERVIL , GILLYFLOWER , PODOPHYLLIN , from Greek phullon , leaf. II. Extended form *bhl ¶- ( < *bhle …-). 1. O-grade form *bhl ½-. a. suffixed form *bhl ½-w-. BLOW 3 , from Old English bl ½wan, to flower, from Germanic *bl ½-w-; b. (i) BLOOM 1 , from Old Norse bl ½m, bl ½mi, flower, blossom; (ii) BLOOM 2 , from Old English bl ½ma, a hammered ingot of iron (semantic development obscure). Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic suffixed form *bl ½-m½n-; c. BLOSSOM , from Old English bl ½stm, bl ½stma, flower, blossom, from Germanic suffixed form *bl ½-s-; d. FERRET 2 , ( FLORA ), FLORA , ( FLORAL ), FLORIATED , FLORID , FLORIN , FLORIST , -FLOROUS , ( FLOUR ), FLOURISH , FLOWER ; ( CAULIFLOWER ), DEFLOWER , EFFLORESCE , ENFLEURAGE , FLORIGEN , from Latin fl ½s (stem fl ½r-), flower, from Italic suffixed form *fl ½-s-; e. suffixed form bhl ½-to-; (i) BLEED , BLOOD , from Old English bl ½d, blood; (ii) BLESS , from Old English bloedsian , bl ¶tsian, to consecrate, from Germanic *bl ½dis½n, to treat or hallow with blood. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *bl ½-dam, possibly from bhel- 3 in the meaning " swell, gush, spurt. " 2. EMBLEMENTS , from Medieval Latin bl ³dum, bladium , produce of the land, grain, from Germanic suffixed form *bl ¶-da-. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhl …-to-. BLADE , from Old English blæd , leaf, blade, from Germanic *bladaz .[ Pokorny 4. bhel- 122. ]

fool ( f›l) n. 1. One who is regarded as deficient in judgment, sense, or understanding. 2. One who acts unwisely on a given occasion: I was a fool to have refused the job. 3. One who has been tricked or made to appear ridiculous; a dupe: They made a fool of me by pretending I won the award. 4. Informal A person with a talent or an enthusiasm for a certain activity: a dancing fool; a fool for skiing. 5. A member of a royal or noble household who provided entertainment, as with jokes or antics; a jester. 6. A dessert made of stewed or puréed fruit mixed with cream or custard and served cold. 7. Archaic A mentally deficient person; an idiot. v. fooled fool·ing fools v. tr. 1. To deceive or trick; dupe: " trying to learn how to fool a trout with a little bit of floating fur and feather " Charles Kuralt 2. To confound or prove wrong; surprise, especially pleasantly: We were sure they would fail, but they fooled us. v. intr. 1. Informal a. To speak or act facetiously or in jest; joke: I was just fooling when I said you couldn't have any of my candy. b. To behave comically; clown. c. To feign; pretend: He said he had a toothache but it turned out he was only fooling. 2. To engage in idle or frivolous activity. 3. To toy, tinker, or mess: shouldn't fool with matches. adj. Informal 1. Foolish; stupid: off on some fool errand or other.

Phrasal Verbs: fool around Informal 1. To engage in idle or casual activity; putter: was fooling around with some figures in hopes of balancing the budget. 2. To engage in frivolous activity; make fun. 3. To engage in casual, often promiscuous sexual acts. fool away 1. To waste (time or money) foolishly; squander: fooled away the week's pay on Friday night.

Idioms: play the fool or act the fool 1. To act in an irresponsible or foolish manner. 2. To behave in a playful or comical manner. [Middle English fol from Old French from Late Latin follis windbag, fool from Latin follis bellows; See bhel- 2 in Indo-European Roots.]

Notes: The pejorative nature of the term fool is only strengthened by a knowledge of its etymology. Its source, the Latin word follis, meant " a bag or sack, a large inflated ball, a pair of bellows. " Users of the word in Late Latin, however, saw a resemblance between the bellows or the inflated ball and a person who was what we would call " a windbag " or " an airhead. " The word, which passed into English by way of French, is first recorded in English in a work written around the beginning of the 13th century with the sense " a foolish, stupid, or ignorant person. "

bhel- 2 . Important derivatives are: bowl 1 bulk 1 boulevard boulder bull 1 phallus ball 1 balloon ballot bold fool To blow, swell; with derivatives referring to various round objects and to the notion of tumescent masculinity. I. 1. Zero-grade form bh §-. a. BOWL 1 , from Old English bolla , pot, bowl; b. BOLE , from Old Norse bolr , tree trunk; c. BULK , from Old Norse bulki , cargo ( < " rolled-up load "); d. ROCAMBOLE , from Old High German bolla , ball; e. ( BOULEVARD ), BULWARK , from Middle High German bole , beam, plank; f. BOLL , from Middle Dutch bolle , round object; g. BILTONG , from Middle Dutch bille , buttock; h. BOULDER , from a Scandinavian source akin to Swedish bullersten , " rounded stone, " boulder, from *buller- , " round object. " a, b, c, d, e, f, g, and h all from Germanic *bul- . 2. Suffixed zero-grade form *bh §-n-. a. BULL 1 , from Old Norse boli , bull, from Germanic *bull ½n-, bull; b. BULLOCK , from Old English bulluc , bull, from Germanic *bulluka- ; c. PHALLUS ; ITHYPHALLIC , from Greek phallos , phallus; d. FULL 2 , from Latin full ½, a fuller, possibly from bhel- 2 . 3. O-grade form *bhol- . a. BOLLIX , from Old English beallucas , testicles; b. BALL 1 , from Old English *beall , ball; c. BILBERRY , probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Danish bolle , round roll; d. BALLOON , BALLOT , ( BALLOTTEMENT ), from Italian dialectal balla , ball; e. PALL-MALL , from Italian palla , ball; f. BALE 1 , from Old French bale , rolled-up bundle. a, b, c, d, e, and f all from Germanic *ball- . 4. Possibly suffixed o-grade form *bhol-to- . a. BOLD , from Old English bald , beald , bold; b. BAWD , from Old Low German bald , bold. Both a and b from Germanic *balthaz , bold. 5. Suffixed o-grade form *bhol-n- . FILS 2 , FOLLICLE , FOOL ; ( FOLLICULITIS ), from Latin follis , bellows, inflated ball. 6. BALEEN , from Greek phal(l)aina , whale, possibly from bhel- 2 . 7. PHELLEM ; PHELLODERM , PHELLOGEN , from Greek phellos , cork, cork oak, conceivably from bhel- 2 (but more likely unrelated). [ Pokorny 3. bhel- 120. (The following derivatives of this root are entered separately: bhel- 3 , bhelgh- , bhleu- .) ]

foul ( foul) adj. foul·er foul·est 1. Offensive to the senses; revolting. 2. Having an offensive odor; smelly. 3. Rotten or putrid: foul meat. 4. a. Full of dirt or mud; dirty. See note at dirty . b. Full of impurities; polluted: foul air. 5. Morally detestable; wicked: foul deeds. 6. Of a vulgar or obscene nature: foul language. 7. Very disagreeable or displeasing; horrid: a foul movie. 8. Bad or unfavorable: in fair weather or foul. 9. Violating accepted standards or rules; dishonorable: used foul means to gain power. 10. a. Sports Contrary to the rules of a game or sport: a foul boxing punch. b. Baseball Outside the foul lines: a foul fly ball. 11. Entangled or twisted: a foul anchor. 12. Clogged or obstructed; blocked: a foul ventilator shaft. 13. Archaic Ugly; unattractive. n. 1. a. Abbr. f. Sports An infraction or a violation of the rules of play. b. Baseball A foul ball. 2. An entanglement or a collision. 3. An instance of clogging or obstructing. adv. 1. In a foul manner. v. fouled foul·ing fouls v. tr. 1. To make dirty or foul; pollute. See note at contaminate . 2. To bring into dishonor; besmirch. 3. To clog or obstruct. 4. To entangle or catch (a rope, for example). 5. Nautical To encrust (a ship's hull) with foreign matter, such as barnacles. 6. a. Sports To commit a foul against. b. Baseball To hit (a ball) outside the foul lines. v. intr. 1. To become foul. 2. a. Sports To commit a foul. b. Baseball To hit a ball outside the foul lines: fouled twice and then struck out; fouled out to the catcher. 3. To become entangled or twisted: The anchor line fouled on a rock. 4. To become clogged or obstructed.

Phrasal Verbs: foul out 1. Sports To be put out of a game for exceeding the number of permissible fouls. foul up 1. To blunder or cause to blunder because of mistakes or poor judgment. [Middle English from Old English f¿l;See p ü- in Indo-European Roots.] foul "ly adv. foul "ness n.

p ü-. Important derivatives are: foul filth defile 1 fuzzy putrid potpourri putrefy purulent pus. To rot, decay. I. 1. Suffixed form *p ¿-lo-. a. FOUL , from Old English f ¿l, unclean, rotten; b. FULMAR , from Old Norse f ¿ll, foul; c. FILTH , from Old English f þlth, foulness, from Germanic abstract noun *f ¿lith½; d. FILE 3 ; DEFILE 1 , from Old English f þlan, to sully, from Germanic denominative *f ¿ljan, to soil, dirty. a, b, c, and d all from Germanic *f ¿laz, rotten, filthy. 2. Extended form *pug- . FOG 2 , from Middle English fog , fogge , aftermath grass, from a Scandinavian source probably akin to Icelandic f ¿ki, rotten sea grass, and Norwegian fogg , rank grass, from Germanic *fuk- . 3. Extended variant form *pous- . FUZZY , from Low German fussig , spongy, from Germanic *fausa- . 4. Suffixed form *pu-tri- . PUTRESCENT , PUTRID ; ( OLLA PODRIDA ), ( POTPOURRI ), PUTREFY , from Latin puter (stem putri- ), rotten. 5. Suffixed form *puw-os- . a. PURULENT , PUS ; SUPPURATE , from Latin p ¿s, pus; b. PYO- , from Greek puon , puos , pus. 6. EMPYEMA , from Greek compound empuein , to suppurate ( en- , in; see en ). [ Pokorny 2. p ü- 848. ]

fowl ( foul) n. pl. fowl or fowls 1. Any of various birds of the order Galliformes, especially the common, widely domesticated chicken (Gallus gallus). 2. a. A bird, such as the duck, goose, turkey, or pheasant, that is used as food or hunted as game. b. The flesh of such birds used as food. 3. A bird of any kind. v. intr. fowled fowl·ing fowls 1. To hunt, trap, or shoot wildfowl. [Middle English foul from Old English fugol; See pleu- in Indo-European Roots.] fowl "er n.

pleu- . Important derivatives are: plover pulmonary pneumonia Pluto flow flood fly 1 fly 2 flee fledge flight 1 fowl fleet 1 fleet 2 float flutter flit fluster To flow. I. Basic form *pleu- . 1. ( PLOVER ), ( PLUVIAL ), PLUVIOUS , from Latin pluere , to rain. 2. PLEUSTON , from Greek pleusis , sailing. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form *plu-elos . PYELITIS , from Greek dissimilated puelos , trough, basin. 4. Suffixed form *pl(e)u-mon- , " floater," lung(s). a. PULMONARY , from Latin pulm ½ ( < *plumon ¶s), lung(s); b. PNEUMO- , PNEUMONIA , PNEUMONIC , from Greek pleum ½n, pneum ½n (influenced by pneuma , breath; see pneu- ), lung. 5. Suffixed o-grade form *plou-to . PLUTO ; PLUTOCRACY , PLUTOGRAPHY , from Greek ploutos , wealth, riches ( < " overflowing"). 6. Lengthened o-grade form *pl ½(u)-. a. (i) FLOW , from Old English fl ½wan, to flow; (ii) FLUE 2 , from Middle Dutch vluwe , fishnet, perhaps from pleu- . Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *fl ½wan, to flow; b. suffixed form *pl ½-tu-. FLOOD , from Old English fl ½d, flood, from Germanic *fl ½duz, flowing water, deluge. II. Extended form *pleuk- . 1. FLY 1 , from Old English fl ¶ogan, to fly, from Germanic *fleugan , to fly. 2. FLY 2 , from Old English fl ¶oge, a fly, from Germanic *fleug ½n-, flying insect, fly. 3. FLEE , from Old English fl ¶on, to flee, from Germanic *fleuhan , to run away, probably from pleu- . 4. FLEY , from Old English fl þgan, fl ¶gan, to put to flight, from Germanic causative *flaugjan . 5. FLèCHE , FLETCHER , from Old French fleche , arrow, from Germanic suffixed form *fleug-ika . 6. Zero-grade form *pluk- . a. FLEDGE , from Old English *flycge , with feathers (only in unfligge , featherless), from Germanic *flugja- , feather; b. FLIGHT 1 , FLIGHT 2 , from Old English flyht , act of flying, and *flyht , act of fleeing, escape, from Germanic suffixed form *flug-ti- ; c. FOWL , from Old English fugol , bird, from Germanic *fuglaz , bird, dissimilated from possible (but unlikely) suffixed form *flug-laz ; d. FLüGELHORN , FUGLEMAN , from Middle High German vlügel , wing, from Germanic suffixed form *flug-ila . III. Extended form *pleud- . 1. FLEET 1 , FLEET 2 , from Old English fl ¶otan, to float, swim (from Germanic *fleutan ), and Old Norse fli ½tr, fleet, swift (from Germanic *fleutaz ). 2. Zero-grade form *plud- . a. (i) FLOAT , from Old English flotian , to float; (ii) FLOTSAM , from Old French floter , to float. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic derivative *flot ½n, to float; b. FLOTILLA , from Old Norse floti , raft, fleet; c. FLUTTER , from Old English floterian , flotorian , to float back and forth ( -erian , iterative and frequentative suffix); d. FLIT , from Old Norse flytja , to further, convey, from Germanic *flutjan , to float. a, b, c, and d all from Germanic *flut- , *flot- . 3. FLUSTER , probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Icelandic flaustr , hurry, and flaustra , to bustle, from Germanic *flausta- , contracted from suffixed form *flaut-st ³-, probably from *pleud- , o-grade *ploud- .[ Pokorny pleu- 835, pl(e)u-mon- 837. ]

goal ( g½l) n. 1. The purpose toward which an endeavor is directed; an objective. See note at intention . 2. Sports a. The finish line of a race. b. A specified structure or zone into or over which players endeavor to advance a ball or puck. c. The score awarded for such an act. [Middle English gol boundary possibly from Old English *g ³l barrier]

howl ( houl) v. howled howl·ing howls v. intr. 1. To utter or emit a long, mournful, plaintive sound. 2. To cry or wail loudly, as in pain, sorrow, or anger. 3. Slang To laugh heartily. 4. Slang To go on a spree. v. tr. 1. To express or utter with a howl. See note at shout . n. 1. A long, wailing cry. 2. Slang Something uproariously funny or absurd.

Phrasal Verbs: howl down 1. To drown out or silence by loud derisive calls: The candidate was howled down at the town meeting. [Middle English houlen]

jowl 1 ( joul) n. 1. The jaw, especially the lower jaw. 2. The cheek. [Middle English chavel, chaule, jaule ( influenced by joue jaw) (or jol head) from Old English ceafl]

jowl 2 ( joul) n. 1. The flesh under the lower jaw, especially when plump or flaccid. 2. A fleshy part similar to a jowl, such as the dewlap of a cow or the wattle of a fowl. [Alteration of Middle English cholle ( influenced by Middle English joue jaw) (or jol head) ]

kohl ( k½l) n. 1. A cosmetic preparation, such as powdered antimony sulfide, used especially in Middle Eastern countries to darken the rims of the eyelids. [Arabic ku¡/l powder of antimony, kohl]

loll ( l¼l) v. lolled loll·ing lolls v. intr. 1. To move, stand, or recline in an indolent or relaxed manner. 2. To hang or droop laxly: a pennant lolling from the mast. v. tr. 1. To permit to hang or droop laxly: lolled his head on the armrest. n. Archaic 1. An act or attitude of lolling. [Middle English lollen probably from Middle Dutch to doze] loll "er n. loll "ing·ly adv.

moil ( moil) v. intr. moiled moil·ing moils 1. To toil; slave. 2. To churn about continuously. n. 1. Toil; drudgery. 2. Confusion; turmoil. [Middle English moillen to soften by wetting from Old French moillier from Vulgar Latin *molli ³re from Latin mollia (p ³nis) the soft part (of bread), from neuter pl. of mollis soft; See mel- 1 in Indo-European Roots.] moil "er n. moil "ing·ly adv.

mel- 1 . Important derivatives are: melt malt mollify mollusk bland smelt 1 enamel mild mulch Soft; with derivatives referring to soft or softened materials of various kinds. I. Extended form *meld- . 1. MELT , from Old English meltan , to melt, from Germanic *meltan . 2. MILT , from Old English milte , spleen, and Middle Dutch milte , milt, from Germanic *miltja- , possibly from mel- 1 . 3. MALT , from Old English mealt , malt, from Germanic *malta- , possibly from mel- 1 . 4. Suffixed variant form *mled-sno- . BLENNY , from Greek blennos , slime, also a name for the blenny. 5. Suffixed zero-grade form *m §d-wi-. MOIL , MOLLIFY , MOLLUSK , ( MOUILLé ); EMOLLIENT , from Latin mollis , soft. 6. Possibly nasalized variant form *mlad- . BLAND , BLANDISH , from Latin blandus , smooth, caressing, flattering, soft-spoken. II. Variant form *smeld- . 1. a. SMELT 1 , from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German smelten , to smelt; b. SCHMALTZ , from Old High German smalz , animal fat; c. SMALT , from Italian smalto , enamel, glaze; d. ENAMEL , from Old French esmail , enamel; e. SMELT 2 , from Old English smelt , smylt , a marine fish, smelt, perhaps from mel- 1 . a, b, c, d, and e all from Germanic *smelt- . III. Extended form *meldh- . 1. MILD , from Old English milde , mild, from Germanic *mildja- . 2. MALTHA , from Greek maltha , a mixture of wax and pitch, possibly from mel- 1 . IV. Suffixed form *mel-sko- . MULCH , from Old English mel(i)sc , mylsc , mild, mellow, from Germanic *mil-sk- . V. Extended form *m §…k-. BONANZA , CHONDROMALACIA , MALACOLOGY , OSTEOMALACIA , from Greek malakos , soft. VI. MUTTON , from Old French moton , sheep, from Celtic *molto- , sheep, possibly from mel- 1 . VII. Suffixed zero-grade form *( …)ml-u-. AMBLYGONITE , AMBLYOPIA , from Greek amblus , blunt, dull, dim. [ Pokorny 1. mel- 716. ]

moll ( m¼l) n. Slang 1. A woman companion of a gunman or gangster. 2. A prostitute. [Probably from the name Moll nickname for Mary]

No·ël also No·el ( n½-µl") n. 1. Christmas. 2. noël also noel A Christmas carol. [Middle English noel from Old French variant of nael from Latin n³t³lis (di¶s) (day) of birth from n³tus,past participle of n³scºto be born; See gen …- in Indo-European Roots.]

noil ( noil) n. 1. A short fiber combed from long fibers during the preparation of textile yarns. [Perhaps from Middle English *noil from Old French noel from Medieval Latin n½dellus from Latin, diminutive of n½dusknot; See node ]

poll ( p½l) n. 1. The casting and registering of votes in an election. 2. The number of votes cast or recorded. 3. Often polls The place where votes are cast and registered. Used with the. 4. A survey of the public or of a sample of public opinion to acquire information. 5. The head, especially the top of the head where hair grows. 6. The blunt or broad end of a tool such as a hammer or an ax. v. polled poll·ing polls v. tr. 1. To receive (a given number of votes). 2. To receive or record the votes of: polling a jury. 3. To cast (a vote or ballot). 4. To question in a survey; canvass. 5. To cut off or trim (hair, horns, or wool, for example); clip. 6. To trim or cut off the hair, wool, branches, or horns of: polled the sheep; polled the trees. v. intr. 1. To vote at the polls in an election. [Middle English pol head from Middle Low German or Middle Dutch] poll "er n.

pool 1 ( p›l) n. 1. A small body of still water. 2. An accumulation of standing liquid; a puddle: a pool of blood. 3. A deep or still place in a stream. 4. A swimming pool. 5. An underground accumulation of petroleum or gas in porous sedimentary rock. v. intr. pooled pool·ing pools 1. To form pools or a pool: The receding tide pooled in hollows along the shore. 2. To accumulate in a body part: preventing blood from pooling in the limbs. [Middle English from Old English p½l]

pool 2 ( p›l) n. 1. Games a. A game of chance, resembling a lottery, in which the contestants put staked money into a common fund that is later paid to the winner. b. A fund containing all the money bet in a game of chance or on the outcome of an event. 2. A grouping of resources for the common advantage of the participants: a pool of implements for the use of all the workers on the estate; forming a pool of our talents. 3. An available supply, the use of which is shared by a group. 4. A group of journalists who cover an event and then by agreement share their reports with participating news media: the White House press pool. 5. a. A mutual fund established by a group of stockholders for speculating in or manipulating prices of securities. b. The persons or parties participating in such a fund. 6. An agreement between competing business concerns to establish controls over production, market, and prices for common profit. 7. Any of several games played on a six-pocket billiard table usually with 15 object balls and a cue ball. In this sense, also called pocket billiards . v. pooled pool·ing pools v. tr. 1. To put into a fund for use by all: Let's pool our resources to finish the project quickly. v. intr. 1. To join or form a pool. [French poule hen, stakes, booty from Old French hen, young chicken from Latin pullus young of an animal; See pau- in Indo-European Roots.] pool "er n.

pau- . Important derivatives are: few paucity paraffin pauper poor poverty foal filly pony pullet puerile encyclopedia orthopedics Few, little. I. Adjectival form *pau- , few, little. 1. FEW , from Old English f ¶awe, few, from Germanic *fawaz . 2. Suffixed form *pau-ko- . PAUCITY , POCO , from Latin paucus , little, few. 3. Suffixed form *pau-ro- in metathetical form *par-wo- . PARAFFIN , PARVOVIRUS , from Latin parvus , little, small, neuter parvum , becoming parum , little, rarely. 4. Compound *pau-paros , producing little, poor ( *par-os , producing; see per …- 1 ). PAUPER , POOR , POVERTY , from Latin pauper , poor. II. Suffixed reduced variant form *pu-lo- , young of an animal. 1. FOAL , from Old English fola , young horse, colt, from Germanic *ful ½n-. 2. FILLY , from Old Norse fylja , young female horse, from Germanic derivative *fulj ½. III. Basic form *pau- and variant form *p ü-, boy, child. 1. Suffixed form *pu-ero- . PUERILE , PUERPERAL , from Latin puer , child. 2. Extended form *put- . a. POLTROON , PONY , POOL 2 , POULARD , PULLET ; CATCHPOLE , from Latin pullus ( < *putslo- ), young of an animal, chicken; b. PUSILLANIMOUS , from Latin pusillus ( < *putslo-lo ), old diminutive of pullus . 3. Suffixed form *paw-id- . PEDO- 2 ; ENCYCLOPEDIA , ORTHOPEDICS , from Greek pais (stem paid- ), child ( > paideia , education). [ Pokorny p ½u- 842. ]

roil ( roil) v. roiled roil·ing roils v. tr. 1. To make (a liquid) muddy or cloudy by stirring up sediment. 2. To displease or disturb; vex: Some of her habits are off-putting but don't let them roil you. v. intr. 1. To be in a state of turbulence or agitation. [Origin unknown]

roll ( r½l) v. rolled roll·ing rolls v. intr. 1. To move forward along a surface by revolving on an axis or by repeatedly turning over. 2. To travel or be moved on wheels or rollers: rolled down the sidewalk on their scooters. 3. To travel around; wander: roll from town to town. 4. a. To travel or be carried in a vehicle. b. To be carried on a stream: The logs rolled down the cascading river. 5. a. To start to move or operate: The press wouldn't roll. b. To work or succeed in a sustained way; gain momentum: The political campaign finally began to roll. 6. To go by; elapse: The days rolled along. 7. To recur: Summer has rolled around again. 8. To move in a periodic revolution, as a planet in its orbit. 9. To turn over and over: The puppy rolled in the mud. 10. To shift the gaze usually quickly and continually: Her eyes rolled with fright. 11. To turn around or revolve on or as if on an axis. 12. To move or advance with a rising and falling motion; undulate: The waves rolled toward shore. 13. To extend or appear to extend in gentle rises and falls: The dunes roll to the sea. 14. To move or rock from side to side: The ship pitched and rolled in heavy seas. 15. To walk with a swaying, unsteady motion. 16. To take the shape of a ball or cylinder: Yarn rolls easily. 17. To become flattened by or as if by pressure applied by a roller. 18. To make a deep, prolonged, surging sound: Thunder rolled in the distance. 19. To make a sustained, trilling sound, as certain birds do. 20. To beat a drum in a continuous series of short blows. 21. To pour or flow in or as if in a continual stream: tourists rolling into the city. 22. To enjoy ample amounts: rolled in the money. v. tr. 1. To cause to move forward along a surface by revolving on an axis or by repeatedly turning over. 2. To move or push along on wheels or rollers: rolled the plane out of the hangar. 3. To impel or send onward in a steady, swelling motion: The sea rolls its waves onto the sand. 4. To impart a swaying, rocking motion to: Heavy seas rolled the ship. 5. To turn around or partly turn around; rotate: rolled his head toward the door. 6. To cause to begin moving or operating: roll the cameras; roll the presses. 7. To extend or lay out: rolled out a long rope. 8. To pronounce or utter with a trill: You must roll your r 's in Spanish. 9. To utter or emit in full, swelling tones. 10. To beat (a drum) with a continuous series of short blows. 11. To wrap (something) round and round upon itself or around something else: roll up a poster. 12. a. To envelop or enfold in a covering: roll dirty laundry in a sheet. b. To make by shaping into a ball or cylinder: roll a cigarette. 13. To spread, compress, or flatten by applying pressure with a roller: roll pastry dough. 14. Printing To apply ink to (type) with a roller or rollers. 15. Games To throw (dice), as in craps. 16. Slang To rob (a drunken, sleeping, or otherwise helpless person). n. 1. The act or an instance of rolling. 2. Something rolled up: a roll of tape. 3. A quantity, as of cloth or wallpaper, rolled into a cylinder and often considered as a unit of measure. 4. A piece of parchment or paper that may be or is rolled up; a scroll. 5. A register or a catalogue. 6. A list of names of persons belonging to a group. 7. A mass in cylindrical or rounded form: a roll of tobacco. 8. a. A small rounded portion of bread. b. A portion of food shaped like a tube with a filling. 9. A rolling, swaying, or rocking motion. 10. A gentle swell or undulation of a surface: the roll of the plains. 11. A deep reverberation or rumble: the roll of thunder. 12. A rapid succession of short sounds: the roll of a drum. 13. A trill: the roll of his r 's. 14. A resonant, rhythmical flow of words. 15. A roller, especially a cylinder on which to roll something up or with which to flatten something. 16. A maneuver in which an airplane makes a single complete rotation about its longitudinal axis without changing direction or losing altitude. 17. Slang Money, especially a wad of paper money.

Phrasal Verbs: roll back 1. To reduce (prices or wages, for example) to a previous lower level. 2. To cause to turn back or retreat. roll out 1. To get out of bed. 2. Football To execute a rollout. roll over 1. To defer or postpone payment of (an obligation). 2. To renegotiate the terms of (a financial deal). 3. To reinvest (funds from a maturing security) into a similar security. roll up 1. To arrive in a vehicle. 2. To accumulate; amass: rolled up quite a fortune.

Idioms: on a roll Informal 1. Undergoing or experiencing sustained, even increasing good fortune, or success: " The stock market's on a roll " Karen Pennar roll in the hay Slang 1. Sexual intercourse. roll the bones Games 1. To cast dice, especially in craps. roll with the punches Slang 1. To cope with and withstand adversity, especially by being flexible. [Middle English rollen from Old French roler from Vulgar Latin *rotul ³re from Latin rotula, diminutive ofrota wheel; See ret- in Indo-European Roots.]

ret- . Important derivatives are: Tory rodeo roll rotary rotate rotund roulette round 1 control prune 2 To run, roll. I. 1. Prefixed form *to-wo-ret- , " a running up to " ( to- , to; wo , under, up, up from under; see upo ). TORY , from Old Irish t ½ir, pursuit. 2. Suffixed o-grade form *rot- ³-. RODEO , ROLL , ROTA , ROTARY , ROTATE , ROTUND , ( ROTUNDA ), ROULETTE , ROUND 1 , ROWEL ; BAROUCHE , CONTROL , PRUNE 2 , ROTIFORM , ROTOGRAVURE , from Latin rota , wheel. 3. Suffixed (participial) form *ret-ondo- . ROTUND , from Latin rotundus , round, probably from *retundus , " rolling."[ Pokorny ret(h)- 866. ]

rot·l ( r¼t"l) n. 1. A unit of weight used in countries bordering on the Mediterranean and in nearby areas, varying in different regions from about 1 to 5 pounds (0.45 to 2.25 kilograms). [Arabic raÚl, riÚl possibly from Greek litra]

soil 1 ( soil) n. 1. The top layer of the earth's surface, consisting of rock and mineral particles mixed with organic matter. 2. A particular kind of earth or ground: sandy soil. 3. Country; land: native soil. 4. The agricultural life: a woman of the soil. 5. A place or condition favorable to growth; a breeding ground. [Middle English from Anglo-Norman a piece of ground from Latin solium seat; See sed- in Indo-European Roots.]

soil 2 ( soil) v. soiled soil·ing soils v. tr. 1. To make dirty, particularly on the surface. 2. To disgrace; tarnish: a reputation soiled by scandal. 3. To corrupt; defile. 4. To dirty with excrement. v. intr. 1. To become dirty, stained, or tarnished. n. 1. a. The state of being soiled. b. A stain. 2. Filth, sewage, or refuse matter. 3. Manure, especially human excrement, used as fertilizer. [Middle English soilen from Old French souiller from Vulgar Latin *sucul ³re (from Late Latin suculus) (diminutive of Latin s¿s pig) ;See s ¿- in Indo-European Roots.or from souil pigsty, wallow( from Latin solium seat) ;See soil 1 ]

soil 3 ( soil) v. tr. soiled soil·ing soils 1. To feed (livestock) with soilage. 2. To purge (livestock) by feeding with green food. [Origin unknown]

sed- . Important derivatives are: sit set 1 ersatz settle saddle soot seat séance sedentary sediment session siege assess dissident obsess possess preside reside subsidy supersede subside sedate 1 soil 1 chair To sit. I. 1. Suffixed form *sed-yo- . a. SIT , from Old English sittan , to sit; b. SITZ BATH , SITZKRIEG , SITZMARK , from Old High German sizzen , to sit. Both a and b from Germanic *sitjan . 2. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form *sod-eyo- . a. SET 1 , from Old English settan , to place; b. BESET , from Old English besettan , to set near; c. ERSATZ , from Old High German irsezzan , to replace, from sezzan , to set. a, b, and c all from Germanic *(bi-)satjan , to cause to sit, set. 3. Suffixed form *sed-lo- , seat. SETTLE , from Old English setl , seat, from Germanic *setlaz . 4. O-grade form *sod- . SADDLE , from Old English sadol , saddle, from Germanic *sadulaz , seat, saddle (perhaps from *sod-dhlo- ). 5. Suffixed lengthened o-grade form *s ½d-o-. SOOT , from Old English s ½t, soot ( < " that which settles "), from Germanic *s ½tam. 6. Suffixed lengthened-grade form s ¶d-i-, settler. COSSET , possibly from Old English s Æta, - s Æte, inhabitant(s), from Germanic *s ³ti-. 7. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *s ¶d-yo-. SEAT , from Old Norse sæti , seat, from Germanic *(ge)s ¶tjam, seat ( *ge- , *ga- , collective prefix; see kom ). 8. Form *sed- ¶-. SéANCE , SEDENTARY , SEDERUNT , SEDILE , SEDIMENT , SESSILE , SESSION , SEWER 2 , SIEGE ; ASSESS , ASSIDUOUS , DISSIDENT , ( INSESSORIAL ), INSIDIOUS , OBSESS , POSSESS , PRESIDE , RESIDE , SUBSIDY , SUPERSEDE , from Latin sed ¶re, to sit. 9. Reduplicated form *si-zd- . a. SUBSIDE , from Latin s ºdere, to sit down, settle; b. SYNIZESIS , from Greek hizein , to sit down, settle down. 10. Lengthened-grade form *s ¶d-. SEE 2 , from Latin s ¶d¶s, seat, residence. 11. Lengthened-grade form *s ¶d-³-. SEDATE 1 , from Latin s ¶d³re, to settle, calm down. 12. Suffixed o-grade form *sod-yo- . SOIL 1 , from Latin solium , throne, seat. 13. Suffixed form *sed-r ³-. -HEDRON ; CATHEDRA , ( CHAIR ), EPHEDRINE , EXEDRA , SANHEDRIN , TETRAHEDRON , from Greek hedra , seat, chair, face of a geometric solid. 14. Prefixed and suffixed form *pi-sed-yo- , to sit upon ( *pi , on; see epi ). PIEZO- ; ISOPIESTIC , from Greek piezein , to press tight. 15. Basic form *sed- . a. EDAPHIC , from Greek edaphos , ground, foundation (with Greek suffix -aphos ); b. UPANISHAD , from Sanskrit upani Ìad, Upanishad, from sad- ; c. TANIST , from Old Irish t ³naise, designated successor, from Celtic *t ³nihessio-, " one who is waited for, " from *to-ad-ni-sed-tio , from *to-ad-ni-sed- , to wait for. 16. Suffixed form *sed-o- , sitting. EISTEDDFOD , from Welsh eistedd , sitting, from Celtic *eks-d º-sedo- (see eghs , de- ). [ Pokorny sed- 884. ]

s ¿-. Important derivatives are: swine hog socket sow 2 hyena Pig. I. Contracted from *su …-; probably a derivative of seu …- 1 . 1. Suffixed form *su …-ºno-. a. SWINE , from Old English sw ºn, swine; b. KEELSON , from Old Norse sv ºn, swine. Both a and b from Germanic *sw ºnam. 2. Suffixed form *su-k ³. a. HOG , from Old English hogg , hog, from British *hukk- ; b. SOCKET , from Anglo-Norman soc , plowshare, perhaps from s ¿-. Both a and b from Celtic expressive form *sukko- , swine, snout of a swine, plowshare; c. SOW 2 , from Old English sugu , sow, from Germanic *sug ½. 3. Basic form *s ¿-. SOW 2 , from Old English s ¿, from Germanic *s ¿-. 4. SOIL 2 , from Latin s ¿s, pig. 5. HYENA ; HYOSCINE , from Greek hus , swine. [ Pokorny s ü-s 1038. ]

soul ( s½l) n. 1. The animating and vital principle in human beings, credited with the faculties of thought, action, and emotion and often conceived as an immaterial entity. 2. The spiritual nature of human beings, regarded as immortal, separable from the body at death, and susceptible to happiness or misery in a future state. 3. The disembodied spirit of a dead human being; a shade. 4. Soul Christian Science God. 5. A human being: " the homes of some nine hundred souls " Garrison Keillor 6. The central or integral part; the vital core: " It saddens me that this network . . . may lose its soul, which is after all the quest for news " Marvin Kalb 7. A person considered as the perfect embodiment of an intangible quality; a personification: I am the very soul of discretion. 8. A person's emotional or moral nature: " An actor is . . . often a soul which wishes to reveal itself to the world but dare not " Alec Guinness 9. A sense of ethnic pride among Black people and especially African-Americans, expressed in areas such as language, social customs, religion, and music. 10. A strong, deeply felt emotion conveyed by a speaker, a performer, or an artist. 11. Soul music. [Middle English from Old English s³wol]

toil 1 ( toil) v. intr. toiled toil·ing toils 1. To labor continuously; work strenuously. 2. To proceed with difficulty: toiling over the mountains. n. 1. Exhausting labor or effort: " A bit of the blackest and coarsest bread is . . . the sole recompense and the sole profit attaching to so arduous a toil " George Sand See note at work . 2. Archaic Strife; contention. [Middle English toilen from Anglo-Norman toiler to stir about from Latin tudicul³re from tudicula a machine for bruising olives, diminutive of tud¶shammer] toil "er n.

toil 2 ( toil) n. 1. Something that binds, snares, or entangles one; an entrapment. Often used in the plural: caught in the toils of despair. 2. Archaic A net for trapping game. [French toile cloth from Old French teile from Latin t¶la web; See teks- in Indo-European Roots.]

teks- . Important derivatives are: text tissue context pretext subtle architect technical technology To weave; also to fabricate, especially with an ax; also to make wicker or wattle fabric for (mud-covered) house walls. I. 1. TEXT , TISSUE ; CONTEXT , PRETEXT , from Latin texere , to weave, fabricate. 2. Suffixed form *teks-l ³. a. TILLER 2 , TOIL 2 , from Latin t ¶la, web, net, warp of a fabric, also weaver's beam (to which the warp threads are tied); b. SUBTLE , from Latin subt ºlis, thin, fine, precise, subtle ( < *sub-t ¶la, " thread passing under the warp, " the finest thread; sub , under; see upo ). 3. Suffixed form *teks- ½n, weaver, maker of wattle for house walls, builder (possibly contaminated with *teks-t ½r, builder). TECTONIC ; ARCHITECT , from Greek tekt ½n, carpenter, builder. 4. Suffixed form *teks-n ³-, craft (of weaving or fabricating). TECHNICAL , ( POLYTECHNIC ), TECHNOLOGY , from Greek tekhn ¶, art, craft, skill. 5. a. DACHSHUND , from Old High German dahs , badger; b. DASSIE , from Middle Dutch das , badger. Both a and b from Germanic *thahsu- , badger, possibly from teks- ( "the animal that builds, " referring to its burrowing skill) but more likely borrowed from the same pre-Indo-European source as the Celtic totemic name Tazgo- , Gaelic Tadhg , originally " badger."[ Pokorny te çt- 1058. ]

toll 1 ( t½l) n. 1. A fixed charge or tax for a privilege, especially for passage across a bridge or along a road. 2. A charge for a service, such as a long-distance telephone call. 3. The amount or extent of loss or destruction, as of life, health, or property, caused by a disaster. v. tr. tolled toll·ing tolls 1. To exact as a toll. 2. To charge a fee for using (a structure, such as a bridge). [Middle English from Old English variant of toln from Medieval Latin tol½nºum from Latin tel½n¶um tollbooth from Greek tel½neion from tel½n¶s tax collector from telos tax; See tel …- in Indo-European Roots.]

toll 2 ( t½l) v. tolled toll·ing tolls v. tr. 1. To sound (a large bell) slowly at regular intervals. 2. To announce or summon by tolling. v. intr. 1. To sound in slowly repeated single tones. n. 1. The act of tolling. 2. The sound of a bell being struck. [Middle English tollen to ring an alarm perhaps from tollen to entice, pull variant of tillen from Old English -tyllan ]

tel …-. Important derivatives are: toll 1 philately tolerate retaliate talent tantalize Atlantic Atlas collate elate legislator relate superlative translate extol To lift, support, weigh; with derivatives referring to measured weights and thence to money and payment. I. 1. Suffixed form *tel …-mon-. TELAMON , from Greek telam ½n, supporter, bearer. 2. Suffixed form *tel( …)-es-. a. TOLL 1 ; PHILATELY , from Greek telos , tax, charge; b. TOLERATE , from Latin toler ³re, to bear, endure. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form *t §…-i-. TALION ; RETALIATE , from Latin t ³li½, reciprocal punishment in kind, possibly " something paid out, " from *tali- (influenced by t ³lis, such). 4. Suffixed variant zero-grade form *tala-nt- . TALENT , from Greek talanton , balance, weight, any of several specific weights of gold or silver, hence the sum of money represented by such a weight. 5. Perhaps (but unlikely) intensive reduplicated form *tantal- . ( TANTALIZE ), TANTALUS , from Greek Tantalos , name of a legendary king, " the sufferer. " 6. Perhaps (but unlikely) zero-grade form *t §…-. ATLANTIC , ATLAS , from Greek Atlas (stem Atlant- ), name of the Titan supporting the world. 7. Suffixed zero-grade form *t §…-to-. ABLATION , COLLATE , DILATORY , ELATE , ILLATION , LEGISLATOR , OBLATE 1 , PRELATE , PROLATE , RELATE , SUBLATE , SUPERLATIVE , TRANSLATE , from Latin l ³tus, " carried, borne, " used as the suppletive past participle of ferre , to bear (see bher- 1 ), with its compounds. 8. Suffixed zero-grade form *t §…-³-. TOLA , from Sanskrit tul ³, scales, balance, weight. 9. Nasalized zero-grade form *t §-n-…-. EXTOL , from Latin tollere , to lift. [ Pokorny 1. tel- 1060. ]

tool ( t›l) n. 1. A device, such as a saw, used to perform or facilitate manual or mechanical work. 2. a. A machine, such as a lathe, used to cut and shape machine parts or other objects. b. The cutting part of such a machine. 3. Something regarded as necessary to the carrying out of one's occupation or profession: Words are the tools of our trade. 4. Something used in the performance of an operation; an instrument: " Modern democracies have the fiscal and monetary tools . . . to end chronic slumps and galloping inflations " Paul A. Samuelson 5. Vulgar Slang A penis. 6. A person used to carry out the designs of another; a dupe. 7. a. A bookbinder's hand stamp. b. A design impressed on a book cover by such a stamp. 8. Computer Science An application program in some computer systems. v. tooled tool·ing tools v. tr. 1. To form, work, or decorate with a tool. 2. To ornament (a book cover) with a bookbinder's tool. 3. Slang To drive (a vehicle): tooled the car at 80 miles an hour. v. intr. 1. To work with a tool. 2. Slang To drive or ride in a vehicle: tooled up and down the roads.

Phrasal Verbs: tool up 1. To provide an industry or a factory with machinery and tools suitable for a particular job. [Middle English from Old English t½l possibly from Old Norse]

Synonyms: tool instrument implement utensil appliance These nouns refer to devices used in the performance of work. Tool applies broadly to a device that facilitates work; specifically it denotes a small manually operated device, such as a file, of the kind employed by carpenters and plumbers: a box full of tools for repair jobs. Instrument refers especially to one of the relatively small precision tools, such as a stethoscope or supersonic drill, used by trained professionals such as doctors and dentists: had to sterilize all the instruments. Implement is the preferred term for tools used in agriculture and certain building trades: rakes, hoes, and other implements. Utensil often refers to an implement, such as a pot or spoon, used in doing household work: cooking utensils laid out on the table. Appliance most frequently denotes a power-driven device, such as a toaster or refrigerator, that performs a specific function: a store selling modern appliances.

wool ( w‹l) n. 1. a. The dense, soft, often curly hair forming the coat of sheep and certain other mammals, such as the goat and alpaca, consisting of cylindrical fibers of keratin covered by minute overlapping scales and much valued as a textile fabric. b. A material or garment made of this hair. 2. The furry hair of some insect larvae, such as the caterpillar. 3. A filamentous or fibrous covering or substance suggestive of the texture of true wool. [Middle English wolle from Old English wull] wool adj.

yowl ( youl) v. yowled yowl·ing yowls v. intr. 1. To utter a long, loud, mournful cry; wail. v. tr. 1. To say or utter with a yowl. n. 1. A long, loud, mournful cry; a wail. [Middle English yowlen probably of imitative origin]