Idioms: hope against hope 1. To hope with little reason or justification. [Middle English hopen from Old English hopian] hop "er n.

Hope , Anthony . 1. See Sir Anthony Hope Hawkins .

Hope , Bob . Born 1903 1. British-born American entertainer. He costarred with Bing Crosby in the popular " Road" films, beginning with the Road to Singapore (1940).

Hope , John . 1868-1936 1. American educator who opposed Booker T. Washington's accommodationist methods in the struggle for civil rights.

Hope College 1. Holland, MI 49423; Private; 2,743

trans·ac·tion ( tr²n-s²k"sh…n, -z ²k"-) n. Abbr. trans. 1. The act of transacting or the fact of being transacted. 2. Something transacted, especially a business agreement or exchange. 3. Communication involving two or more people that affects all those involved; personal interaction: " a rich sense of the transaction between writer and reader " William Zinsser 4. transactions A record of business conducted at a meeting; proceedings. trans·ac "tion·al adj.

a·bide ( …-bºd") v. a·bode ( …-b½d") or a·bid·ed a·bid·ing a·bides v. tr. 1. To put up with; tolerate: can't abide such incompetence. See note at bear 1 . 2. To wait patiently for. 3. To be in store for; await: " I will abide the coming of my lord " Tennyson 4. To withstand: a thermoplastic that will abide rough use and great heat. v. intr. 1. To remain in a place. 2. To continue to be sure or firm; endure. See note at stay 1 . 3. To dwell or sojourn.

Idioms: abide by 1. To conform to; comply with: abide by the rules; had to abide by the judge's decision. [Middle English abiden from Old English ³bºdan³- intensive bºdan to remain; See bheidh- in Indo-European Roots.] a·bid "er n.

bald ( bôld) adj. bald·er bald·est 1. Lacking hair on the head. 2. Lacking a natural or usual covering: a bald spot on the lawn. 3. Zoology Having white feathers or markings on the head, as in some birds or mammals. 4. Lacking ornamentation; unadorned. 5. Undisguised; blunt: a bald statement of policy. [Middle English balled probably from bal ball; See ball 1 ] bald "ly adv. bald "ness n.

bend·er ( bµn"d…r) n. 1. One that bends: a bender of iron bars; a bender of the truth. 2. Slang A drinking spree.

bid ( b¹d) v. bade ( b²d, b ³d) or bid bid·den ( b¹d"n) or bid bid·ding bids v. tr. 1. To issue a command to; direct. See note at command . 2. To utter (a greeting or salutation). 3. To invite to attend; summon. 4. past tense and past participle bid Games To state one's intention to take (tricks of a certain number or suit in cards): bid four hearts. 5. past tense and past participle bid To offer or propose (an amount) as a price. 6. past tense and past participle bid To offer (someone) membership, as in a group or club: " glancing around to be sure that he had been bid by a society that he wanted " Louis Auchincloss v. intr. 1. past tense and past participle bid To make an offer to pay or accept a specified price: decided not to bid on the roll-top desk. 2. past tense and past participle bid To seek to win or attain something; strive. n. 1. a. An offer or proposal of a price. b. The amount offered or proposed: They lost the contract because their bid was too high. 2. An invitation, especially one offering membership in a group or club. 3. Games a. The act of bidding in cards. b. The number of tricks or points declared. c. The trump or no-trump declared. d. The turn of a player to bid. 4. An earnest effort to win or attain something: made a bid for the presidency.

Phrasal Verbs: bid in 1. To outbid on one's own property at an auction in order to raise the final selling price. bid up 1. To increase the amount bid: bid up the price of wheat.

Idioms: bid defiance 1. To refuse to submit; offer resistance to. bid fair 1. To appear likely. [Middle English bidden to ask, command( from Old English biddan) ;See g w hedh- in Indo-European Roots.Middle English beden to offer, proclaim( from Old English b¶odan);See bheudh- in Indo-European Roots.] bid "der n.

bind·er ( bºn"d…r) n. 1. One that binds, especially a bookbinder. 2. Something, such as a cord, used to bind. 3. A notebook cover with rings or clamps for holding sheets of paper. 4. Something, such as the latex in certain paints, that creates uniform consistency, solidification, or cohesion. 5. a. A machine that reaps and ties grain. b. An attachment on a reaping machine that ties grain in bundles. 6. Law A payment or written statement making an agreement legally binding until the completion of a formal contract, especially an insurance contract.

bird·er ( bûr"d…r) n. 1. A bird watcher. 2. a. A breeder of birds. b. A hunter of birds.

bold ( b½ld) adj. bold·er bold·est 1. Fearless and daring; courageous. 2. Requiring or exhibiting courage and bravery. See note at brave . 3. Unduly forward and brazen in manner: a bold, impudent child. 4. Clear and distinct to the eye; conspicuous: a bold handwriting. 5. Steep or abrupt in grade or terrain: bold cliffs. 6. Printing Boldface. [Middle English from Old English bald; See bhel- 2 in Indo-European Roots.] bold "ly adv. bold "ness n.

bond ( b¼nd) n. Abbr. bd. 1. Something, such as a fetter, cord, or band, that binds, ties, or fastens things together. 2. Often bonds Confinement in prison; captivity. 3. A uniting force or tie; a link: the bonds of friendship, the familial bond. 4. A binding agreement; a covenant. 5. A duty, a promise, or another obligation by which one is bound. 6. a. A substance or an agent that causes two or more objects or parts to cohere. b. The union or cohesion brought about by such a substance or agent. 7. A chemical bond. 8. An overlapping arrangement of bricks or other masonry components in a wall. 9. Law a. A written and sealed obligation, especially one requiring payment of a stipulated amount of money on or before a given day. b. A sum of money paid as bail or surety. c. A bail bondsman. 10. A certificate of debt issued by a government or corporation guaranteeing payment of the original investment plus interest by a specified future date. 11. The condition of taxable goods being stored in a warehouse until the taxes or duties owed on them are paid. 12. An insurance contract in which an agency guarantees payment to an employer in the event of unforeseen financial loss through the actions of an employee. 13. Bond paper. v. bond·ed bond·ing bonds v. tr. 1. To mortgage or place a guaranteed bond on. 2. To furnish bond or surety for. 3. To place (an employee, for example) under bond or guarantee. 4. To join securely, as with glue or cement. 5. To join (two or more individuals) in or as if in a nurturing relationship: " What bonded [the two men] —who spoke rarely and have little personal rapport —was patience and a conviction that uncontrolled inflation endangers . . . society " Robert J. Samuelson 6. To lay (bricks, for example) in an overlapping pattern for solidity. v. intr. 1. To cohere with or as if with a bond. 2. To form a close personal relationship. [Middle English variant of band from Old Norse; See bhendh- in Indo-European Roots.] bond "a·ble adj. bond "er n.

bor·der ( bôr"d…r) n. 1. A part that forms the outer edge of something. 2. A decorative strip around the edge of something, such as fabric. 3. A strip of ground, as at the edge of a garden or walk, in which ornamental plants or shrubs are planted. 4. The line or frontier area separating political divisions or geographic regions; a boundary. v. bor·dered bor·der·ing bor·ders v. tr. 1. To put a border on. 2. To lie along or adjacent to the border of: Canada borders the United States. v. intr. 1. To lie adjacent to another: The United States borders on Canada. 2. To be almost like another in character: an act that borders on heroism. [Middle English bordure from Old French bordeure from border to border from bort border of Germanic origin] bor "der·er n.

Synonyms: border margin edge verge brink rim brim All these nouns refer to the line or narrow area that marks the outside limit of something such as a surface. Border refers either to the boundary line ( erected a fence along the border of the property ) or to the area that is immediately inside the boundary ( a picture frame with a wide border). Margin is a border of more or less precisely definable width that is often distinguishable in other respects from the rest of the surface: a boathouse near the margin of the pond; the margin of a little clearing in the forest. Edge refers specifically to the precise bounding line formed by the continuous convergence of two surfaces: sat on the edge of the chair. Verge is an extreme terminating line or edge ( the sun's afterglow on the verge of the horizon ); figuratively it indicates a point at which something is likely to begin or to happen ( an explorer on the verge of a great discovery ). Brink denotes the edge of a steep place ( stood on the brink of the cliff ); in an extended sense it indicates the likelihood or imminence of a sudden change ( on the brink of falling in love ). Rim most often denotes the edge of something, such as a wheel, that is circular or curved: a crack in the rim of the lens. Brim applies to the upper edge or inner side of the rim of a container, such as a cup, or of something shaped like a basin: lava issuing from the brim of the crater. boundary

bud 1 ( b¾d) n. 1. Botany a. A small protuberance on a stem or branch, sometimes enclosed in protective scales and containing an undeveloped shoot, leaf, or flower. b. The stage or condition of having buds: branches in full bud. 2. Biology a. An asexual reproductive structure, as in yeast or a hydra, that consists of an outgrowth capable of developing into a new individual. b. A small, rounded organic part, such as a taste bud, that resembles a plant bud. 3. A person or thing that is not yet fully developed: the bud of a new idea. v. bud·ded bud·ding buds v. intr. 1. To put forth or produce buds: a plant that buds in early spring. 2. To develop or grow from or as if from a bud: " listened sympathetically for a moment, a bemused smile budding forth " Washington Post 3. To be in an undeveloped stage or condition. 4. To reproduce asexually by forming a bud. v. tr. 1. To cause to put forth buds. 2. To graft a bud onto (a plant). [Middle English budde] bud "der n.

card 2 ( kärd) n. 1. A wire-toothed brush or a machine fitted with rows of wire teeth, used to disentangle fibers, as of wool, prior to spinning. 2. A device used to raise the nap on a fabric. v. tr. card·ed card·ing cards 1. To comb out or brush with a card. [Middle English carde from Medieval Latin cardus from Latin carduus thistle] card "er n.

chide ( chºd) v. chid·ed or chid ( ch¹d) chid·ed or chid chid·den ( ch¹d"n) chid·ing chides v. tr. 1. To scold mildly so as to correct or improve; reprimand: chided the boy for his sloppiness. v. intr. 1. To express disapproval. [Middle English chiden from Old English cºdan from cºd strife, contention] chid "er n. chid "ing·ly adv.

cin·der ( s¹n"d…r) n. 1. a. A burned or partly burned substance, such as coal, that is not reduced to ashes but is incapable of further combustion. b. A partly charred substance that can burn further but without flame. 2. cinders Ashes. 3. cinders Geology See scoria . 4. Metallurgy See scoria . 5. Slag from a metal furnace. v. tr. cin·dered cin·der·ing cin·ders 1. To burn or reduce to cinders. [Alteration( influenced by Old French cendre ashes) (from Latin cinis) of Middle English sinder from Old English slag, dross] cin "der·y adj.

cold ( k½ld) adj. cold·er cold·est 1. a. Having a low temperature. b. Having a temperature lower than normal body temperature. c. Feeling no warmth; uncomfortably chilled. 2. a. Marked by deficient heat: a cold room. b. Being at a temperature that is less than what is required: cold oatmeal. c. Chilled by refrigeration or ice: cold beer. 3. Lacking emotion; objective: cold logic. 4. Having no appeal to the senses or feelings: a cold decor. 5. a. Not affectionate or friendly; aloof: a cold person; a cold nod. b. Exhibiting or feeling no enthusiasm: a cold audience; a cold response to the new play; a concert that left me cold. c. Devoid of sexual desire; frigid. 6. Color Designating a tone or color, such as pale gray, that suggests little warmth. 7. Having lost all freshness or vividness through passage of time: dogs attempting to catch a cold scent. 8. a. Marked by or sustaining a loss of body heat: cold hands and feet. b. Appearing to be dead; unconscious. c. Dead: was cold in his grave. 9. Marked by unqualified certainty or sure familiarity. 10. So intense as to be almost uncontrollable: cold fury. adv. 1. To an unqualified degree; totally: was cold sober. 2. With complete finality: We turned him down cold. 3. Without advance preparation or introduction: took the exam cold and passed; walked in cold and got the new job. n. 1. a. Relative lack of warmth. b. The sensation resulting from lack of warmth; chill. 2. A condition of low air temperature; cold weather: went out into the cold and got a chill. 3. A viral infection characterized by inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the upper respiratory passages and usually accompanied by malaise, fever, chills, coughing, and sneezing. In this sense, also called common cold Also Called coryza .

Idioms: out in the cold 1. Lacking benefits given to others; neglected. [Middle English from Old English ceald; See gel- in Indo-European Roots.] cold "ly adv. cold "ness n.

Synonyms: cold arctic chilly cool frigid frosty gelid glacial icy The central meaning shared by these adjectives is " marked by a low or an extremely low temperature ": cold air; an arctic climate; a chilly day; cool water; a frigid room; a frosty morning; gelid seas; glacial winds; icy hands.

cord ( kôrd) n. 1. A slender length of flexible material usually made of twisted strands or fibers and used to bind, tie, connect, or support. 2. An insulated, flexible electric wire fitted with a plug or plugs. 3. A hangman's rope. 4. An influence, feeling, or force that binds or restrains; a bond or tie. 5. Also chord also ( k½rd) Anatomy A long ropelike structure, such as a nerve or tendon: a spinal cord. 6. a. A raised rib on the surface of cloth. b. A fabric or cloth with such ribs. 7. cords Trousers made of corduroy. 8. Abbr. cd. A unit of quantity for cut fuel wood, equal to a stack measuring 4 Œ 4 Œ 8 feet or 128 cubic feet (3.62 cubic meters). v. tr. cord·ed cord·ing cords 1. To fasten or bind with a cord. 2. To furnish with a cord. 3. To pile (wood) in cords. [Middle English from Old French corde from Latin chorda from Greek khord¶;See gher …- in Indo-European Roots.] cord "er n.

crude ( kr›d) adj. crud·er crud·est 1. Being in an unrefined or natural state; raw. 2. Lacking tact, refinement, or taste. 3. a. Not carefully or completely made; rough. b. Statistics In an unanalyzed form; not adjusted to allow for related circumstances or data. 4. Displaying a lack of knowledge or skill. 5. Undisguised or unadorned; blunt: must face the crude truth. 6. Archaic Unripe or immature. n. 1. A substance, especially petroleum, in its unrefined state. [Middle English from Latin cr¿dus;See kreu …- in Indo-European Roots.] crude "ly adv. cru "di·ty ( kr›"d¹-t¶) or crude "ness n.

Synonyms: crude native raw The central meaning shared by these adjectives is " in a natural state and not yet processed for use ": crude rubber; native iron; raw cotton. rude

dan·der 1 ( d²n"d…r) n. Informal 1. Temper or anger: What got their dander up? [Perhaps alteration of dunder fermented cane juice used in rum-making, fermentation possibly alteration of Spanish redundar to overflow from Latin redund³re;See redundant ]

dan·der 2 ( d²n"d…r) n. 1. Scurf from the coat or feathers of various animals, often of an allergenic nature. [Alteration of dandruff ]

dead ( dµd) adj. dead·er dead·est 1. Having lost life; no longer alive. 2. Marked for certain death; doomed: was marked as a dead man by the assassin. 3. a. Having the physical appearance of death: a dead pallor. b. Lacking feeling or sensitivity; numb or unresponsive: Passersby were dead to our pleas for help. c. Weary and worn-out; exhausted. 4. a. Not having the capacity to live; inanimate or inert. b. Not having the capacity to produce or sustain life; barren: dead soil. 5. a. No longer in existence, use, or operation. b. No longer having significance or relevance. c. Physically inactive; dormant: a dead volcano. 6. a. Not commercially productive; idle: dead capital. b. Not circulating or running; stagnant: dead water; dead air. 7. a. Devoid of human or vehicular activity; quiet: a dead town. b. Lacking all animation, excitement, or activity; dull: The party being dead, we left early. 8. Having no resonance. Used of sounds: " One characteristic of compact discs we all can hear is dead sound. It may be pure but it has no life " Musical Heritage Review 9. Having grown cold; having been extinguished: dead coals; a dead flame. 10. Lacking elasticity or bounce: That tennis ball is dead. 11. Out of operation because of a fault or breakdown: The motor is dead. 12. a. Sudden; abrupt: a dead stop. b. Complete; utter: dead silence. c. Exact; unerring. 13. Sports Out of play. Used of a ball. 14. a. Lacking connection to a source of electric current. b. Drained of electric charge; discharged: a dead battery. n. 1. One who has died: respect for the dead. 2. The period exhibiting the greatest degree of intensity: the dead of winter; the dead of night. adv. 1. Absolutely; altogether: You can be dead sure of my innocence. 2. Directly; exactly: There's a gas station dead ahead. 3. Suddenly: She stopped dead on the stairway.

Idioms: dead and buried 1. No longer in use or under consideration: All past animosities are dead and buried now. dead in the water 1. Unable to function or move: The crippled ship was dead in the water. With no leadership, the project was dead in the water. dead to rights 1. In the very act of making an error or committing a crime: The police caught the thief dead to rights with my silverware. [Middle English ded from Old English d¶ad;See dheu- 2 in Indo-European Roots.] dead "ness n.

Synonyms: dead deceased departed extinct lifeless inanimate These adjectives all mean without life. Dead, which has the widest use, applies in general to whatever once had —but no longer has —physical life ( a dead man; a dead leaf ), function ( The battery is dead ), or force or currency ( a dead issue; a dead language ). Deceased —like departed, which is a euphemistic term —refers only to nonliving human beings: attended a memorial service for a recently deceased friend; " shedding funereal tears over his departed dog " (Ben Jonson). Extinct can refer to what has no living successors ( The dodo is extinct ) or to what is extinguished or inactive ( an extinct volcano ). Lifeless applies to what no longer has physical life ( a lifeless body ), to what does not support life ( a lifeless planet ), and to what lacks animation, spirit, or brightness ( a lifeless performance of the sonata; lifeless colors ). Inanimate is most often limited to what has never had physical life: " He then fell, like an inanimate log, to the earth " (James Fenimore Cooper).

dod·der 1 ( d¼d"…r) v. intr. dod·dered dod·der·ing dod·ders 1. To shake or tremble, as from old age; totter. 2. To progress in a feeble, unsteady manner. [Alteration of Middle English daderen] dod "der·er n.

dod·der 2 ( d¼d"…r) n. 1. Any of various leafless, annual parasitic herbs of the genus Cuscuta that lack chlorophyll and have slender, twining, yellow or reddish stems and small whitish flowers. [Middle English doder possibly from Middle Dutch yolk of an egg (from the yellow color of the blossom of one species of this plant)]

e·vade ( ¹-v³d") v. e·vad·ed e·vad·ing e·vades v. tr. 1. To escape or avoid by cleverness or deceit: evade arrest. 2. a. To avoid fulfilling, answering, or performing: evade responsibility. See note at escape . b. To fail to make payment of (taxes). 3. To avoid giving a direct answer to. 4. To baffle or elude: The accident evades explanation. v. intr. 1. To practice evasion. 2. To use cleverness or deceit in avoiding or escaping. [French évader from Latin ¶v³dere¶-, ex- ex- v³dere to go] e·vad "a·ble or e·vad "i·ble adj. e·vad "er n.

feed·er ( f¶"d…r) n. 1. One that supplies food: a nation that is the feeder of millions in developing countries. 2. One that is fed, especially an animal that is being fattened for market. 3. A worker or device that feeds materials into a machine for further processing. 4. Something that contributes to the operation, maintenance, or supply of something else, especially: a. A tributary stream. b. A branch line of a transport system, as of an airline or a railroad. 5. Any of the medium-voltage lines used to distribute electric power from a substation to consumers or to smaller substations. 6. A transmission line between an antenna and a transmitter.

fend·er ( fµn"d…r) n. 1. a. A guard over each wheel of a motor vehicle, for example, that is shaped and positioned so as to block the splashing of water or mud. b. A device at the front end of a locomotive or streetcar designed to push aside obstructions. 2. A cushioning device, such as a bundle of rope or a piece of timber, used on the side of a vessel or dock to absorb impact or friction. 3. A screen or metal framework placed in front of a fireplace to keep hot coals and debris from falling out.

find·er ( fºn"d…r) n. 1. One that finds: a finder of great hidden treasure. 2. A viewfinder. 3. A low-power, wide-angle telescope fixed to the body of a more powerful telescope and pointed in the same direction for initially locating an object to be observed.

fod·der ( f¼d"…r) n. 1. Feed for livestock, especially coarsely chopped hay or straw. 2. Raw material, as for artistic creation. 3. A consumable, often inferior item or resource that is in demand and usually abundant supply: romantic novels intended as fodder for the pulp fiction market. v. tr. fod·dered fod·der·ing fod·ders 1. To feed with fodder. [Middle English from Old English f½dor;See p ³- in Indo-European Roots.]

p ³-. Important derivatives are: fodder forage fur pabulum food feed foster pasture antipasto pester repast pastor pantry companion company To protect, feed. I. Contracted from *pa …-. 1. Suffixed form *p ³-trom. a. FODDER , from Old English f ½dor, fodder; b. FORAGE , from Old French feurre , fodder; c. FUR , from Old French forre, fuerre , trimming made from animal skin, fur ( < " sheath, case, lining "). a, b, and c all from Germanic *f ½dram. 2. Suffixed form *p ³-dhlom (doublet of *p ³-trom). PABULUM , from Latin p ³bulum, food, fodder. 3. Extended form *p ³t-. a. FOOD , from Old English f ½da, food, from Germanic *f ½d-, food; b. FEED , from Old English f ¶dan, to feed, from Germanic denominative *f ½djan, to give food to; c. suffixed form *p ³t-tro-. FOSTER , from Old English f ½stor, food, nourishment, from Germanic *f ½stra-. 4. Extended form *p ³s-. a. suffixed form *p ³s-sko-. PASTURE ; ANTIPASTO , REPAST , from Latin p ³scere, to feed; b. suffixed form *p ³s-tor-. PASTOR , PESTER , from Latin p ³stor, shepherd; c. suffixed form *p ³s-t-ni-. PANADA , PANATELA , PANNIER , ( PANOCHA ), PANTRY , PASTILLE , ( PENUCHE ); APPANAGE , COMPANION 1 , ( COMPANY ), from Latin p ³nis, bread. 5. Suffixed form *p ³-tor-. BEZOAR , from Persian p ³d, protecting against, from Iranian *p ³tar- ( Avestan p ³tar-). 6. Suffixed form *p ³-won-, protector. SATRAP , from Old Persian khshathra-p ³v³, protector of the province. [ Pokorny p ³- 787, 1. p ½(i)- 839. ]

fold·er ( f½l"d…r) n. 1. One that folds or is folded, such as a booklet or pamphlet made of one or more folded sheets of paper. 2. A flexible cover folded in the center and used as a holder for loose paper: a file folder; a hanging folder.

fond 1 ( f¼nd) adj. fond·er fond·est 1. Having a strong liking, inclination, or affection: fond of ballet; fond of my nieces and nephews. 2. Affectionate; tender: a fond embrace. 3. Immoderately affectionate or indulgent; doting: fond grandparents who tended to spoil the child. 4. Cherished; dear: my fondest hopes. 5. Archaic Naively credulous or foolish. [Middle English fonned foolish, probably from past participle of fonnen to be foolish probably from fonne fool] fond "ly adv.

gad 1 ( g²d) v. intr. gad·ded gad·ding gads 1. To move about restlessly and with little purpose. See note at wander . [Middle English gadden to hurry] gad "der n.

gan·der ( g²n"d…r) n. 1. A male goose. 2. Informal A look or glance: " Everyone turns and takes a gander at the yokels " Garrison Keillor 3. Informal A simpleton; a ninny. [Middle English from Old English gandra; See ghans- in Indo-European Roots.]

Gan·der ( g²n"d…r) 1. A town of northeast Newfoundland, Canada. Its airport was strategically important during World War II and was long used as a refueling stop for transatlantic flights. Population, 10,404.

ghans- . Important derivatives are: goose 1 gosling gander Goose. I. 1. a. GOOSE 1 ; ( GOSHAWK ), from Old English g ½s (nominative plural g ¶s), goose; b. GOSLING , from Old Norse g ³s, goose; c. GUNSEL , from Old High German gans , goose; d. GONZO , from Spanish ganso , goose, from a Germanic source akin to Old High German gans , goose. a, b, c, and d all from Germanic *gans- (nominative plural *gansiz ). 2. GANDER , from Old English ganra , gandra , gander, from Germanic *gan(d)r ½n-. 3. GANNET , from Old English ganot , gannet, from Germanic *gan ½t½n-. 4. Suffixed form *ghans-er- . ANSERINE ; MERGANSER , from Latin ³ nser ( < *hanser ), goose. 5. Basic form *ghans- . CHENOPOD , from Greek kh ¶n, goose. [ Pokorny ª hans- 412. ]

gen·der ( jµn"d…r) n. Abbr. g. gen. 1. Grammar a. A grammatical category used in the analysis of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and, in some languages, verbs that may be arbitrary or based on characteristics such as sex or animacy and that determines agreement with or selection of modifiers, referents, or grammatical forms. b. One category of such a set. c. The classification of a word or grammatical form in such a category. d. The distinguishing form or forms used. 2. Sexual identity, especially in relation to society or culture. n. attributive. 1. Often used to modify another noun: " Women entered graduate schools . . . and encountered gender discrimination when they applied for the few academic positions " New York Times v. tr. gen·dered gen·der·ing gen·ders 1. To engender. [Middle English gendre from Old French kind, gender from Latin genus gener-; See gen …- in Indo-European Roots.] gen "der·less adj.

Usage Note: Traditionally, gender has been used primarily to refer to the grammatical categories of " masculine," " feminine," and " neuter"; but in recent years the word has become well established in its use to refer to sex-based categories, as in phrases such as gender gap and the politics of gender. This usage is supported by the practice of many anthropologists, who reserve sex for reference to biological categories, while using gender to refer to social or cultural categories. According to this rule, one would say The effectiveness of the medication appears to depend on the sex (not gender ) of the patient, but In peasant societies, gender (not sex ) roles are likely to be more clearly defined. This distinction is useful in principle, but it is by no means widely observed, and considerable variation in usage occurs at all levels.

gen …-. Important derivatives are: kin king kind 1 kind 2 gentle general generate genius engine genuine germ genital pregnant nation native nature Also gen- To give birth, beget; with derivatives referring to aspects and results of procreation and to familial and tribal groups. I. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form *g ö-yo-. a. KIN ; KINDRED , from Old English cyn(n) , race, family, kin; b. KING , from Old English cyning , king, from Germanic *kuningaz , king. Both a and b from Germanic *kunjam , family. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form *g ö-t-. a. KIND 2 , from Old English cynd , gecynd(e) , origin, birth, race, family, kind, from Germanic *kundjaz , family, race; b. KIND 1 , from Old English gecynde , natural, native, fitting ( ge- , collective prefix; see kom ), from Germanic *kundiz , natural, native; c. Suffixed form *g ö-ti-. GENS , ( GENTEEL ), ( GENTILE ), GENTLE ; GENDARME , from Latin g ¶ns (stem gent- ), race, clan; d. KINDERGARTEN , KRISS KRINGLE , from Old High German kind , child, from Germanic secondary full-grade variant *kentham . 3. Suffixed full-grade form *gen-es- . a. GENDER , GENERAL , GENERATE , ( GENERATION ), GENERIC , GENEROUS , GENRE , GENUS ; CONGENER , DEGENERATE , ( ENGENDER ), MISCEGENATION , from Latin genus (stem gener- ), race, kind; b. GENE ; ALLOGENEIC , GENEALOGY , GENOCIDE , GENOTYPE , HETEROGENEOUS , SYNGENEIC , from Greek genos and genea , race, family; c. -GEN , -GENY ; EPIGENE , from Greek suffix -gen ¶s, " -born." 4. Suffixed full-grade form *gen-yo- . a. GENIAL 1 , GENIUS ; ( CONGENIAL ), from Latin genius , procreative divinity, inborn tutelary spirit, innate quality; b. ENGINE , INGENIOUS , from Latin ingenium , inborn character ( in- , in; see en ). 5. Suffixed full-grade form *gen- ³-. INDIGEN , ( INDIGENOUS ), from Latin indigena , born in (a place), indigenous ( indu- , within; see en ). 6. Suffixed full-grade form *gen …-wo-. ( GENUINE ), INGENUOUS , from Latin ingenuus , born in (a place), native, natural, freeborn ( in- , in; see en ). 7. Suffixed full-grade form *gen-men- . GERM , GERMAN 2 , ( GERMANE ), GERMINAL , GERMINATE , from dissimilated Latin germen , shoot, bud, embryo, germ. 8. Suffixed secondary zero-grade form *g ö…-ti-. GENESIS , -GENESIS , from Greek genesis , birth, beginning. 9. Reduplicated form *gi-gn- . GENITAL , GENITIVE , GENITOR , GENT 1 , ( GINGERLY ); CONGENITAL , PRIMOGENITOR , PRIMOGENITURE , PROGENITOR , ( PROGENY ), from Latin gignere (past participle genitus ), to beget. 10. Suffixed zero-grade form *-gn-o- . BENIGN , MALIGN , from Latin benignus , good-natured, kindly ( bene , well; see deu- 2 ), and malignus , evil-natured, malevolent ( male , ill; see mel- 3 ). 11. Zero-grade form *g ö…- becoming *gn ³-. PREGNANT 1 , from Latin praegn ³s, pregnant ( prae- , before; see per 1 ). 12. Suffixed zero-grade form *g ö…-sko- becoming *gn ³-sko-. NAIVE , NASCENT , NATAL , NATION , NATIVE , NATURE , NéE , NOëL ; ( ADNATE ), AGNATE , COGNATE , CONNATE , ENATE , INNATE , NEONATE , PUISNE , ( PUNY ), RENAISSANCE , from Latin gn ³scº, n ³scº (present participle n ³sc¶ns, past participle gn ³tus, n ³tus), to be born. 13. Suffixed o-grade form *gon-o- . GONAD , GONO- , -GONY ; ARCHEGONIUM , EPIGONE , from Greek gonos (combining form -gonos ), child, procreation, seed. 14. Zero-grade form *g ö-. (see k w —mi-) Sanskrit k •mi-ja-, " produced by worms, " from ja- .[ Pokorny 1. ª en- 373. ]

gild 1 ( g¹ld) v. tr. gild·ed or gilt ( g¹lt) gild·ing gilds 1. To cover with or as if with a thin layer of gold. 2. To give an often deceptively attractive or improved appearance to. 3. Archaic To smear with blood.

Idioms: gild the lily 1. To adorn unnecessarily something already beautiful. 2. To make superfluous additions to what is already complete. [Middle English gilden from Old English gyldan; See ghel- 2 in Indo-European Roots.] gild "er n.

gird·er ( gûr"d…r) n. 1. A horizontal beam, as of steel or wood, used as a main support for a building or bridge.

glid·er ( glº"d…r) n. 1. A light, engineless aircraft designed to glide after being towed aloft or launched from a catapult. 2. A swinging couch suspended from a vertical frame. 3. A device that aids gliding.

grad·er ( gr³"d…r) n. 1. One that grades, especially: a. One who grades students' work. b. A piece of heavy equipment used to level or smooth road or other surfaces to the desired gradient. 2. A student in a specified class in an elementary or high school. Often used in combination: tenth graders.

guide ( gºd) n. 1. a. One who shows the way by leading, directing, or advising. b. One who serves as a model for others, as in a course of conduct. 2. A person employed to conduct others, as through a museum, and give information about points of interest encountered. 3. a. Something, such as a pamphlet, that offers basic information or instruction: a shopper's guide. b. A guidebook. 4. a. Something that serves to direct or indicate. b. A device, such as a ruler, tab, or bar, that serves as an indicator or acts to regulate a motion or operation. 5. A soldier stationed at the right or left of a column of marchers to control alignment, show direction, or mark the point of pivot. v. guid·ed guid·ing guides v. tr. 1. To serve as a guide for; conduct. 2. To direct the course of; steer: guide a ship through a channel. 3. To exert control or influence over. 4. To supervise the training or education of. v. intr. 1. To serve as a guide. [Middle English from Old French from Old Provençal guida from guidar to guide of Germanic origin; See weid- in Indo-European Roots.] guid "a·ble adj. guid "er n.

Synonyms: guide lead pilot shepherd steer usher The central meaning shared by these verbs is " to conduct on or direct to the way ": guided me to my seat; led the troops into battle; a teacher piloting his pupils through the museum; shepherding tourists to the chartered bus; steered the applicant to the proper department; ushering a visitor out.

hand ( h²nd) n. 1. a. The terminal part of the human arm located below the forearm, used for grasping and holding and consisting of the wrist, palm, four fingers, and an opposable thumb. b. A homologous or similar part in other animals, as the terminal part of the forelimb in certain vertebrates. 2. A unit of length equal to 4 inches (10.2 centimeters), used especially to specify the height of a horse. 3. Something suggesting the shape or function of the human hand, especially: a. Any of the rotating pointers used as indexes on the face of a mechanical clock. b. A pointer, as on a gauge or dial. 4. Printing See index . 5. Lateral direction indicated according to the way in which one is facing: at my right hand. 6. A style or individual sample of writing. 7. A round of applause to signify approval. 8. Physical assistance; help: gave me a hand with the bags. 9. Games a. The cards held in a card game by a given player at any time. b. The number of cards dealt each player; the deal. c. A player or participant in a card game: We need a fourth hand for bridge. d. A portion or section of a game during which all the cards dealt out are played: a hand of poker. 10. a. One who performs manual labor: a factory hand. b. One who is part of a group or crew: the ship's hands. 11. A participant in an activity, often one who specializes in a particular activity or pursuit: called for more hands to decorate the Christmas tree; an old hand at labor negotiations. 12. a. The degree of immediacy of a source of information; degree of reliability: probably heard the scandalous tale at third hand. b. The strength or force of one's position: negotiated from a strong hand. 13. Often hands a. Possession, ownership, or keeping: The books should be in your hands by noon. b. Power; jurisdiction; care: The defendant's fate is in the hands of the jury. Dinner is in the hands of the chef. 14. a. Involvement or participation: " In all this was evident the hand of the counterrevolutionaries " John Reed b. An influence or effect: The general manager had a hand in all the major decisions. c. Evidence of craft or artistic skill: can see the hand of a genius even in the lighter poems. 15. An aptitude or ability: I tried my hand at decorating. 16. The aesthetic feel or tactile quality of something, such as a fabric, textile, or carpeting, that indicates its fineness, texture, and durability. 17. A manner or way of performing something: a light hand with makeup. 18. a. Permission or a promise, especially a pledge to wed. b. A commitment or an agreement, especially when sealed by a handshake; one's word: You have my hand on that. v. tr. hand·ed hand·ing hands 1. To give or pass with or as if with the hands; transmit: Hand me your keys. 2. To aid, direct, or conduct with the hands: The usher handed the patron to a reserved seat. 3. Nautical To roll up and secure (a sail); furl.

Phrasal Verbs: hand down 1. To bequeath as an inheritance to one's heirs. 2. To make and pronounce an official decision, especially a court verdict. hand on 1. To turn over to another. hand out 1. To distribute freely; disseminate. 2. To administer or deal out. hand over 1. To release or relinquish to another.

Idioms: at hand 1. Close by; near. 2. Soon in time; imminent: Retribution is at hand. at the hand or at the hands of 1. Performed by someone or through the agency of someone. by hand 1. Performed manually. hand it to Informal 1. To give credit to: You've got to hand it to her; she knows what she's doing. in hand 1. Under control: The project is well in hand. 2. Accessible at the present time. 3. In preparation. off (one's) hands 1. No longer under one's jurisdiction, within one's responsibility, or in one's care: We finally got that project off our hands. on hand 1. Available. on (one's) hands or upon (one's) hands 1. In one's possession, often as an imposed responsibility or burden: Now they have the grandchildren on their hands. on the one hand 1. As one point of view; from one standpoint. on the other hand 1. As another point of view; from another standpoint. out of hand 1. Out of control: Employee absenteeism has gotten out of hand. 2. At once; immediately. 3. Over and done with; finished. 4. Uncalled for or improper; indiscreet. to hand 1. Nearby. 2. In one's possession. [Middle English from Old English] hand "er n. hand "less adj.

hard ( härd) adj. hard·er hard·est Abbr. h. H. 1. Resistant to pressure; not readily penetrated. 2. a. Physically toughened; rugged. b. Mentally toughened; strong-minded. 3. a. Requiring great effort or endurance: a hard assignment. b. Performed with or marked by great diligence or energy: a project that required years of hard work. c. Difficult to resolve, accomplish, or finish: That was a hard question. d. Difficult to understand or impart: Physics was the hardest of my courses. Thermodynamics is a hard course to teach. 4. a. Intense in force or degree: a hard blow. b. Inclement: a long, hard winter. 5. a. Stern or strict in nature or comportment: a hard taskmaster. b. Resistant to persuasion or appeal; obdurate. c. Making few concessions: drives a hard bargain. 6. a. Difficult to endure: a hard life. b. Oppressive or unjust in nature or effect: restrictions that were hard on welfare applicants. c. Lacking compassion or sympathy; callous. 7. a. Harsh or severe in effect or intention: said some hard things that I won't forget. b. Bitter; resentful: No hard feelings, I hope. 8. a. Causing damage or premature wear: Snow and ice are hard on a car's finish. b. Bad; adverse: hard luck. 9. Proceeding or performing with force, vigor, or persistence; assiduous: a hard worker. 10. a. Real and unassailable: hard evidence. b. Definite; firm: a hard commitment. c. Close; penetrating: We need to take a hard look at the situation. d. Free from illusion or bias; practical: brought some hard common sense to the discussion. e. Using or based on data that are readily quantified or verified: the hard sciences. 11. a. Marked by sharp outline or definition; stark. b. Lacking in delicacy, shading, or nuance. 12. a. Metallic, as opposed to paper. Used of currency. b. Backed by bullion rather than by credit. Used of currency. c. High and stable. Used of prices. 13. a. Durable; lasting: hard merchandise. b. Written or printed rather than stored in electronic media: sent the information by hard mail. 14. Erect; tumid. Used of a penis. 15. a. Having high alcoholic content; intoxicating: hard liquor. b. Rendered alcoholic by fermentation; fermented: hard cider. 16. Containing dissolved salts that interfere with the lathering action of soap. Used of water. 17. Linguistics Velar, as in c in cake or g in log, as opposed to palatal or soft. 18. Physics Of relatively high energy; penetrating: hard x-rays. 19. High in gluten content: hard wheat. 20. Chemistry Resistant to biodegradation: a hard detergent. 21. Physically addictive. Used of certain illegal drugs, such as heroin. 22. Resistant to blast, heat, or radiation. Used especially of nuclear weapons. adv. 1. With strenuous effort; intently: worked hard all day; stared hard at the accused criminal. 2. With great force, vigor, or energy: pressed hard on the lever. 3. In such a way as to cause great damage or hardship: industrial cities hit hard by unemployment. 4. With great distress, grief, or bitterness: took the divorce hard. 5. Firmly; securely: held hard to the railing. 6. Toward or into a solid condition: concrete that sets hard within a day. 7. Near in space or time; close: The factory stands hard by the railroad tracks. 8. Nautical Completely; fully: hard alee.

Idioms: hard and fast 1. Defined, fixed, and invariable: hard and fast rules. hard of hearing 1. Having a partial loss of hearing. 2. One who has a partial loss of hearing. hard put 1. Undergoing great difficulty: Under the circumstances, he was hard put to explain himself. hard up Informal 1. In need; poor. [Middle English from Old English heard; See kar- in Indo-European Roots.]

Synonyms: hard difficult arduous These adjectives are compared as they mean requiring great physical or mental effort to do, achieve, or master. Hard is the most general term: Why is it so hard for you to keep a secret? " You write with ease to show your breeding,/But easy writing's curst hard reading " (Richard Brinsley Sheridan). Difficult and hard are interchangeable in many instances: a difficult (or hard ) subject; a book that is difficult (or hard ) to find. Difficult, however, is often preferable where the need for skill or ingenuity is implied: " All poetry is difficult to read,/ —The sense of it is, anyhow " (Robert Browning). Arduous refers to what involves burdensome labor or sustained physical or spiritual effort: " knowledge at which [Isaac] Newton arrived through arduous and circuitous paths " (Macaulay). Negotiating a reduction in nuclear arms is a long and arduous undertaking. firm 1

head·er ( hµd"…r) n. 1. One that fits a head on an object. 2. One that removes a head from an object, especially a machine that reaps the heads of grain and passes them into a wagon or receptacle. 3. A pipe that serves as a central connection for two or more smaller pipes. 4. A floor or roof beam placed between two long beams that supports the ends of the tailpieces. 5. A brick laid across rather than parallel with a wall. 6. Informal A headlong dive or fall. 7. Sports A pass or shot made in soccer by heading the ball. 8. Computer Science Printed matter or information, such as a title, date, or page number, positioned in the top margin of a page and usually repeated throughout a document, especially a document composed on a word-processing system. 9. A raised tank or hopper that maintains a constant pressure or supply to a system, especially the small tank that supplies water to a central heating system.

herd·er ( hûr"d…r) n. 1. One who tends or drives a herd. 2. A herdsman.

Her·der ( hµr"d…r), Johann Gottfried von . 1744-1803 1. German philosopher and writer whose advocacy of intuition over rationality greatly influenced Goethe and formed the basis of German romanticism.

hin·der 1 ( h¹n"d…r) v. hin·dered hin·der·ing hin·ders v. tr. 1. To be or get in the way of. 2. To obstruct or delay the progress of. v. intr. 1. To interfere with action or progress. [Middle English hindren from Old English hindrian; See ko- in Indo-European Roots.] hin "der·er n.

Synonyms: hinder hamper impede obstruct block dam bar These verbs mean to slow or prevent progress or movement. To hinder is to hold back, as by delaying: The travelers were hindered by storms throughout their journey. Often the word implies stopping or prevention: What is to hinder you from trying? To hamper is to hinder by or as if by fastening or entangling: A suit and an overcoat hampered the efforts of the accident victim to swim to safety. She was hampered by ill health in building up her business. To impede is to slow by making action or movement difficult: " Sentiment and eloquence serve only to impede the pursuit of truth " (Macaulay). Obstruct implies the presence of obstacles that interfere with progress: A building under construction obstructs our view of the mountains. One of the mugger's accomplices tried to obstruct the police officer from upholding the law. Block refers to complete obstruction that prevents progress, passage, or action: A huge snowdrift is blocking the entrance to the driveway. " Do not block the way of inquiry " (Charles S. Peirce). Dam suggests obstruction of the flow, progress, or release of something, such as water or emotion: dammed the brook to form a swimming pool; dammed up his emotions. To bar is to prevent entry or exit or prohibit a course of action: mounted troops barring access to the presidential palace; laws that bar price fixing.

hind·er 2 ( hºn"d…r) adj. 1. Variant of hind 1 .

hind 1 ( hºnd) also hind·er ( hºn"d…r) adj. 1. Located at or forming the back or rear; posterior: an animal's hind legs; the hinder part of a steer. [Middle English hinde short for bihinde behind from Old English bihindan; See ko- in Indo-European Roots.]

ko- . Important derivatives are: he 1 him his her it here hence et cetera Stem of demonstrative pronoun meaning " this." I. Variant form *ki- . 1. a. HE 1 , from Old English h ¶, he; b. HIM , from Old English him , him (dative of h ¶); c. HIS , from Old English his , his (genitive of h ¶); d. HER , from Old English hire , her (dative and genitive of heo , she); e. IT , from Old English hit , it (neuter of h ¶); f. HERE , from Old English h ¶r, here; g. HENCE , from Old English heonane , heonon , from here. a, b, c, d, e, f, and g all from Germanic *hi- , 2. Suffixed form *ki-tro- . HITHER , from Old English hider , hither, from Germanic *hi-thra- . 3. Suffixed form *ki-s . CIS- , from Latin cis , on this side of. II. Variant form *ke- . 1. Preposed in *ke-etero- ( *e-tero- , a second time, again; see i- ). ET CETERA , from Latin c ¶terus (neuter plural c ¶tera), the other part, that which remains. 2. (see nu- ) Postposed in Latin -ce . 3. BEHIND , HIND 1 , from Old English behindan , in the rear, behind ( bi , at; see ambhi ). 4. HINTERLAND , from Old High German hintar , behind. 5. HINDER 1 , from Old English hindrian , to check, hinder, from Germanic derivative verb *hindr ½n, to keep back. 1, 2, and 3 all from Germanic root *hind- , behind, attributed by some to this root (but more likely of obscure origin). [ Pokorny 1. ko- 609. ]

hold·er ( h½l"d…r) n. 1. One that holds, as: a. One that possesses something; an owner: the holder of extensive farmland; the holder of oil fields. b. One, especially a tenant, that occupies or controls something: The current holder of the apartment. c. Law One that legally possesses and is entitled to the payment of a check, bill, or promissory note. 2. A device for holding: a towel holder.

jud·der ( j¾d"…r) v. intr. jud·dered jud·der·ing jud·ders 1. To shake rapidly or spasmodically; vibrate conspicuously: " Edith would watch her wrestling with words, her thin lttle body juddering with the effort to unlock them " Anita Brookner n. 1. A rapid or spasmodic shaking. [Perhaps j(erk) 1 (sh)udder ]

kid ( k¹d) n. 1. a. A young goat. b. The young of a similar animal, such as an antelope. 2. a. The flesh of a young goat. b. Leather made from the skin of a young goat; kidskin. c. An article made from this leather. 3. Informal a. A child. b. A young person. 4. Slang Pal. Used as a term of familiar address, especially for a young person: Hi, kid! What's up? adj. 1. Made of kid. 2. Informal Younger than oneself: my kid brother. v. kid·ded kid·ding kids v. tr. Informal 1. To mock playfully; tease. See note at banter . 2. To deceive in fun; fool. v. intr. 1. Informal To engage in teasing or good-humored fooling. 2. To bear young. Used of a goat or an antelope. [Middle English kide from Old Norse kidh] kid "der n. kid "ding·ly adv.

kind 1 ( kºnd) adj. kind·er kind·est 1. Of a friendly, generous, or warm-hearted nature. 2. Showing sympathy or understanding; charitable: a kind word. 3. Humane; considerate: kind to animals. 4. Forbearing; tolerant: Our neighbor was very kind about the window we broke. 5. Generous; liberal: kind words of praise. 6. Agreeable; beneficial: a dry climate kind to asthmatics. [Middle English natural, kind from Old English gecynde natural; See gen …- in Indo-European Roots.]

Synonyms: kind kindly kindhearted benign benevolent These adjectives apply to persons and their actions and mean having or showing a tender, considerate, and helping nature. Kind and kindly are the least specific: is kind to sick patients; thanked her for her kind letter; a kindly gentleman; kindly criticism. Kindhearted especially suggests an innately kind disposition: a generous and kindhearted teacher. Benign implies gentleness and mildness: a benign smile; benign intentions; a benign ruler of millions. Benevolent suggests charitableness and a desire to promote the welfare or happiness of others: has a benevolent nature; a benevolent contributor.

lad·der ( l²d"…r) n. 1. a. An often portable structure consisting of two long sides crossed by parallel rungs, used to climb up and down. b. Something that resembles this device, especially a run in a stocking. 2. a. A means of ascent and descent: ascending the social ladder. b. A series of ranked stages or levels: high on the executive ladder. v. intr. lad·dered lad·der·ing lad·ders 1. To run, as a stocking does. [Middle English from Old English hlÆder;See klei- in Indo-European Roots.]

klei- . Important derivatives are: decline incline recline proclivity lid lean 1 client clinic climax climate ladder To lean. I. Full-grade form *klei- . 1. Suffixed form *klei-n- . DECLINE , INCLINE , RECLINE , from Latin -cl ºn³re, to lean, bend. 2. Suffixed form *klei-tro- . CLITELLUM , from Latin cl ºtellae, packsaddle, from diminutive of *cl ºtra, litter. 3. Suffixed form *klei-wo- . ACCLIVITY , DECLIVITY , PROCLIVITY , from Latin cl ºvus, a slope. 4. Suffixed form *klei-tor- , " incline, hill. " CLITORIS , from Greek feminine diminutive kleitoris . II. Zero grade form *kli- . 1. LID , from Old English hlid , cover, from Germanic *hlid- , " that which bends over, " cover. 2. Suffixed form *kli-n- . LEAN 1 , from Old English hlinian and hleonian , to lean, from Germanic *hlin ¶n. 3. Suffixed form *kli-ent- . CLIENT , from Latin cli ¶ns, dependent, follower. 4. Suffixed form *kli-to- . (see ous- ) Latin auscult ³re, " to hold one's ear inclined, " to listen to, from *aus-klit- ³-. 5. Suffixed form *kli-n-yo- . -CLINAL , CLINE , ( -CLINE ), ( -CLINIC ), CLINO- ; ACLINIC LINE , ANACLISIS , CLINANDRIUM , ENCLITIC , MATRICLINOUS , PATROCLINOUS , PERICLINE , ( PROCLITIC ), from Greek klinein , to lean. 6. Lengthened form *kl º-. a. suffixed form *kl º-n-³. CLINIC ; DICLINOUS , MONOCLINOUS , TRICLINIUM , from Greek klin ¶, bed; b. suffixed form *kl º-m-. CLIMAX , from Greek klimax , ladder; c. suffixed form *kl º-mö. CLIMATE , from Greek klima , sloping surface of the earth. III. Suffixed o-grade form *kloi-tr- . LADDER , from Old English hl Æd(d)er, ladder, from Germanic *hlaidri- .[ Pokorny ç lei- 600. ]

land·er ( l²n"d…r) n. 1. A space vehicle designed to land on a celestial body, such as the moon or a planet.

Lander College 1. Stanley Avenue, Greenwood, SC 29649; Public; 2,251

lar·der ( lär"d…r) n. 1. A place, such as a pantry or cellar, where food is stored. 2. A supply of food. [Middle English from Anglo-Norman from Medieval Latin l³rd³rium from Latin l³rdum bacon]

Lau·der ( lô"d…r), Sir Harry MacLennan . 1870-1950 1. British singer noted for his comic stage persona, a wry and nostalgic Highlander.

laud ( lôd) v. tr. laud·ed laud·ing lauds 1. To give praise to; glorify. See note at praise . n. 1. Praise; glorification. 2. A hymn or song of praise. 3. Often Lauds used with a sing. or pl. verb a. The service of prayers following the matins and constituting with them the first of the seven canonical hours. b. The time appointed for this service. [Middle English lauden from Old French lauder from Latin laud³re from laus laud-praise] laud "er n.

lead·er ( l¶"d…r) n. 1. One that leads or guides. 2. One who is in charge or in command of others. 3. a. One who heads a political party or organization. b. One who has influence or power, especially of a political nature. 4. Music a. A conductor, especially of an orchestra, a band, or a choral group. b. The principal performer in an orchestral section or a group. 5. The foremost animal, such as a horse or dog, in a harnessed team. 6. A loss leader. 7. Chiefly British The main editorial in a newspaper. 8. leaders Printing Dots or dashes in a row leading the eye across a page, as in an index entry. 9. A pipe for conducting liquid. 10. A short length of gut, wire, or similar material by which a hook is attached to a fishing line. 11. A blank strip at the end of a film or tape used in threading or winding. 12. Botany The growing apex or main shoot of a shrub or tree. 13. An economic indicator.

lend ( lµnd) v. lent ( lµnt) lend·ing lends v. tr. 1. a. To give or allow the use of temporarily on the condition that the same or its equivalent will be returned. b. To provide (money) temporarily on condition that the amount borrowed be returned, usually with an interest fee. 2. To contribute or impart: Books and a fireplace lent a feeling of warmth to the room. 3. To accommodate or offer (itself) to; be suitable for: The Bible lends itself to various interpretations. v. intr. 1. To make a loan. See note at loan .

Idioms: lend a helping hand 1. To be of assistance. [Middle English lenden from Old English lÆnan;See leik w - in Indo-European Roots.] lend "er n.

lewd ( l›d) adj. lewd·er lewd·est 1. a. Preoccupied with sex and sexual desire; lustful. b. Obscene; indecent. 2. Obsolete Wicked. [Middle English leued unlearned, lay, lascivious from Old English lÆwede ignorant, lay] lewd "ly adv. lewd "ness n.

lied ( l¶t) n. pl. lie·der ( l¶"d…r) Music 1. A German art song in the style of a ballad for solo voice and piano. [German Lied from Middle High German liet from Old High German liod]

load·er ( l½"d…r) n. Computer Science 1. A program that transfers data from off-line memory into internal storage.

loud ( loud) adj. loud·er loud·est 1. Characterized by high volume and intensity. Used of sound. 2. Producing sound of high volume and intensity. 3. Clamorous and insistent: loud denials. 4. a. Having offensively bright colors: a loud necktie. b. Having an offensively strong odor. c. Offensive in manner. adv. louder loudest 1. In a loud manner. [Middle English from Old English hl¿d;See kleu- in Indo-European Roots.] loud "ly adv. loud "ness n.

Synonyms: loud earsplitting stentorian strident The central meaning shared by these adjectives is " marked by or producing great volume and often disagreeable intensity of sound ": loud trumpets; earsplitting shrieks; stentorian tones; strident, screeching brakes. gaudy 1

mad·der ( m²d"…r) n. 1. a. A southwest Asian perennial plant (Rubia tinctorum) having small yellow flowers, whorled leaves, and a red root. b. The root of this plant, formerly an important source of the dye alizarin. c. A red dye obtained from the roots of this plant. 2. Color A medium to strong red or reddish orange. [Middle English from Old English mædere]

mad ( m²d) adj. mad·der mad·dest 1. Angry; resentful. See note at angry . 2. Suffering from a disorder of the mind; insane. 3. Temporarily or apparently deranged by violent sensations, emotions, or ideas: mad with jealousy. 4. Lacking restraint or reason; foolish: I was mad to have hired her in the first place. 5. Feeling or showing strong liking or enthusiasm: mad about sports. 6. Marked by extreme excitement, confusion, or agitation; frantic: a mad scramble for the bus. 7. Boisterously gay; hilarious: had a mad time. 8. Affected by rabies; rabid. v. tr. intr. mad·ded mad·ding mads 1. To make or become mad; madden.

Idioms: like mad Informal 1. Wildly; impetuously: drove like mad. 2. To an intense degree or great extent: worked like mad; snowing like mad. mad as a hatter 1. Crazy; deranged. [Middle English from Old English gemÆdde past participle of *gem Ædan to madden from gem³d insane; See mei- 1 in Indo-European Roots.] mad "dish adj.

mend ( mµnd) v. mend·ed mend·ing mends v. tr. 1. To make repairs or restoration to; fix. 2. To reform or correct: mend one's ways. v. intr. 1. a. To improve in health or condition: The patient is mending well. b. To heal: The bone mended in a month. 2. To make repairs or corrections. n. 1. The act of mending: did a neat mend on the sock. 2. A mended place: You can't tell where the mend is.

Idioms: mend fences 1. To improve poor relations, especially in politics: " Whatever thoughts he may have entertained about mending some fences with [them] were banished " Conor Cruise O'Brien on the mend 1. Improving, especially in health. [Middle English menden short for amenden to amend; See amend ] mend "a·ble adj. mend "er n.

mild ( mºld) adj. mild·er mild·est 1. Gentle or kind in disposition, manners, or behavior. 2. a. Moderate in type, degree, effect, or force: a mild pipe tobacco; a mild sedative. b. Not extreme: a mild winter storm. c. Warm and full of sunshine; pleasant: a mild spring day; mild weather in June. 3. Not severe or acute: a mild fever. 4. Easily molded, shaped, or worked; malleable: mild steel. [Middle English from Old English milde; See mel- 1 in Indo-European Roots.] mild "ly adv. mild "ness n.

mind ( mºnd) n. 1. The human consciousness that originates in the brain and is manifested especially in thought, perception, emotion, will, memory, and imagination. 2. The collective conscious and unconscious processes in a sentient organism that direct and influence mental and physical behavior. 3. The principle of intelligence; the spirit of consciousness regarded as an aspect of reality. 4. The faculty of thinking, reasoning, and applying knowledge: Follow your mind, not your heart. 5. A person of great mental ability: the great minds of the century. 6. a. Individual consciousness, memory, or recollection: I'll bear the problem in mind. b. A person or group that embodies certain mental qualities: the medical mind; the public mind. c. The thought processes characteristic of a person or group; psychological makeup: the criminal mind. 7. Opinion or sentiment: He changed his mind when he heard all the facts. 8. Desire or inclination: She had a mind to spend her vacation in the desert. 9. Focus of thought; attention: I can't keep my mind on work. 10. A healthy mental state; sanity: losing one's mind. 11. Mind Christian Science The Deity regarded as the perfect intelligence ruling over all of divine creation. v. mind·ed mind·ing minds v. tr. 1. To bring (an object or idea) to mind; remember. 2. a. To become aware of; notice. b. Upper Southern U.S. To have in mind as a goal or purpose; intend. 3. To heed in order to obey: The children mind well. 4. To attend to: Mind closely what I tell you. 5. To be careful about: Mind the icy sidewalk! 6. a. To care about; be concerned about. b. To object to; dislike: doesn't mind doing the chores. 7. To take care or charge of; look after. v. intr. 1. To take notice; give heed. 2. To behave obediently. 3. To be concerned or troubled; care: " Not minding about bad food has become a national obsession " Times Literary Supplement 4. To be cautious or careful. [Middle English minde from Old English gemynd; See men- 1 in Indo-European Roots.] mind "er n.

Synonyms: mind intellect intelligence brain wit reason These nouns denote the faculty of thinking, reasoning, and acquiring and applying knowledge. Mind, opposed to heart, soul, or spirit, refers broadly to the capacities for thought, perception, memory, and decision: " No passion so effectually robs the mind of all its powers of acting and reasoning as fear " (Edmund Burke). Intellect stresses the capacity for knowing, thinking, and understanding as contrasted with feeling and willing: " Opinion is ultimately determined by the feelings, and not by the intellect " (Herbert Spencer). Intelligence implies the capacity for solving problems, learning from experience, and reasoning abstractly: " The world of the future will be an ever more demanding struggle against the limitations of our intelligence " (Norbert Wiener). Brain suggests strength of intellect: Anyone with a brain knows that overwork leads to decreased efficiency. Many of the most successful people are endowed with brains, talent, and perseverance. Wit stresses quickness of intelligence or facility of comprehension: " There is no such whetstone, to sharpen a good wit and encourage a will to learning, as is praise " (Roger Ascham). He lacks formal education but is adept at living by his wits. Reason, the capacity for logical, rational, and analytic thought, embraces comprehending, evaluating, and drawing conclusions: " I am sure that, since I have had the full use of my reason, nobody has ever heard me laugh " (Earl of Chesterfield). tend 2

mold·er ( m½l"d…r) v. mold·ered mold·er·ing mold·ers v. intr. 1. To crumble to dust; disintegrate. v. tr. 1. To cause to crumble. See note at decay . [, Probably frequentative of mold 3 ]

mold 1 ( m½ld) n. 1. A hollow form or matrix for shaping a fluid or plastic substance. 2. A frame or model around or on which something is formed or shaped. 3. Something that is made in or shaped on a mold. 4. The shape or pattern of a mold. 5. General shape or form: the oval mold of her face. 6. Distinctive character or type: a leader in the mold of her predecessors. 7. A fixed or restrictive pattern or form: a method of scientific investigation that broke the mold and led to a new discovery. 8. Architecture See molding . v. mold·ed mold·ing molds v. tr. 1. To shape in or on a mold. 2. a. To form into a particular shape; give shape to. b. To guide or determine the growth or development of; influence: a teacher who helps to mold the minds of his students. 3. To fit closely by following the contours of. 4. To make a mold of or from (molten metal, for example) before casting. 5. To ornament with moldings. v. intr. 1. To be shaped in or as if in a mold: shoes that gradually molded to my feet. [Middle English molde from Old French molle, molde from Latin modulus, diminutive of modus measure; See med- in Indo-European Roots.] mold "a·ble adj. mold "er n.

mel …-. Important derivatives are: maelstrom meal 1 mill 1 immolate millet malleable mallet maul Also mel- To crush, grind; with derivatives referring to various ground or crumbling substances (such as flour) and to instruments for grinding or crushing (such as millstones). I. 1. O-grade form *mol- . MAELSTROM , from Middle Dutch malen , to whirl, from Germanic *mal- . 2. Full-grade form *mel- . MEAL 1 , from Old English melu , flour, meal, from Germanic suffixed form *mel-wa- . 3. Zero-grade form *m §-. MOLD 3 , ( MOLDER ), from Old English molde , soil, from Germanic suffixed form *mul-d ½. 4. Full-grade form *mel- . a. MILL 1 , MOLA 2 , MOLAR 2 , MOLE 4 , ( MOULIN ); EMOLUMENT , IMMOLATE , ORMOLU , from Latin molere , to grind (grain), and its derivative mola , a millstone, mill, coarse meal customarily sprinkled on sacrificial animals; b. possible suffixed form *mel-iyo- . MEALIE , MILIUM , MILLET , from Latin milium , millet. 5. Suffixed variant form *mal-ni- . MALLEABLE , ( MALLET ), MALLEUS , MAUL ; PALL-MALL , from Latin malleus , hammer, mallet. 6. Zero-grade form *m §-. AMYLUM , MYLONITE , from Greek mul ¶, mulos , millstone, mill. 7. Possibly extended form *ml º-. BLIN , BLINTZ , from Old Russian blin ¾, pancake. [ Pokorny 1. mel- 716. ]

mud·der ( m¾d"…r) n. 1. A racehorse that runs well on a wet or muddy track.

mur·der ( mûr"d…r) n. 1. The unlawful killing of one human being by another, especially with premeditated malice. 2. Slang Something that is very uncomfortable, difficult, or hazardous: The rush hour traffic is murder. v. mur·dered mur·der·ing mur·ders v. tr. 1. To kill (another human being) unlawfully. 2. To kill brutally or inhumanly. 3. To put an end to; destroy: murdered their chances. 4. To spoil by ineptness; mutilate: a speech that murdered the English language. 5. Slang To defeat decisively; trounce. v. intr. 1. To commit murder.

Idioms: get away with murder Informal 1. To escape punishment for or detection of an egregiously blameworthy act. murder will out 1. Secrets or misdeeds will eventually be disclosed. [Middle English murther from Old English morthor; See mer- in Indo-European Roots.] mur "der·er n. mur "der·ess n.

mer- . Important derivatives are: nightmare mortar mordant morsel remorse morbid murder mortal mortuary mortgage mortify postmortem ambrosia To rub away, harm. I. 1. NIGHTMARE , from Old English mare , mære , goblin, incubus, from Germanic *mar ½n-, goblin. 2. MARASMUS ; AMARANTH , from Greek marainein , to waste away, wither. 3. Probably suffixed zero-grade form *m —- to- , " ground down. " MORTAR , from Latin mort ³rium, mortar. 4. Possibly extended root *merd- . MORDACIOUS , MORDANT , MORDENT , MORSEL ; PREMORSE , REMORSE , from Latin mord ¶re, to bite. 5. Possibly suffixed form *mor-bho- . MORBID , from Latin morbus , disease (but this is more likely of unknown origin). II. Possibly the same root, but more likely distinct, is *mer- , " to die, " with derivatives referring to death and to human beings as subject to death. 1. Zero-grade form *m —-. a. suffixed form *m —-tro-. MURDER , from Old English morthor , murder, from Germanic suffixed form *mur-thra- ; b. suffixed form *m —-ti-. MORT 1 , MORTAL ; AMORTIZE , MORTIFY , POSTMORTEM , from Latin mors (stem mort- ), death; c. suffixed form *m —-yo-. MORIBUND , MORTUARY , MURRAIN , MORTGAGE , ( MORTMAIN ), from Latin mor º, to die, with irregular past participle mortuus ( < *m —-two-), replacing older *m —-to- (for which see d ); d. prefixed and suffixed form * ö-m—-to-, " undying, immortal. " ( * ö-, negative prefix; see ne ). (i) IMMORTAL , from Latin immort ³lis; (ii) AMBROSIA , from Greek ambrotos , immortal, divine ( a- +/ -mbrotos , brotos , mortal); (iii) AMRITA , from Sanskrit am •tam, immortality ( a- +/ m •ta-, dead). 2. Suffixed o-grade form *mor-t-yo- . MANTICORE , from Greek mantikh ½ras (corrupted from martiokh ½ras), manticore, probably from Iranian compound *martiya-khv ³ra-, " man-eater" ( *khv ³ra-, eating; see swel- ), from Old Persian martiya- , a mortal man. [ Pokorny 4. mer- , 5. mer- 735. ]

nod ( n¼d) v. nod·ded nod·ding nods v. intr. 1. To lower and raise the head quickly, as in agreement or acknowledgment. 2. To let the head fall forward when sleepy; doze momentarily: nodded off on the train. 3. To be careless or momentarily inattentive as if sleepy; lapse: Even Homer nods. 4. To sway, move up and down, or droop, as flowers in the wind. v. tr. 1. To lower and raise (the head) quickly in agreement or acknowledgment. 2. To express by lowering and raising the head: He nodded his agreement. 3. To summon, guide, or send by nodding the head: The chairperson nodded us into the room. n. 1. A forward or up-and-down movement of the head, usually expressive of drowsiness or agreement: gave a nod of affirmation. 2. An indication of approval or assent: The contestant got the nod from the judges. [Middle English nodden perhaps akin to Middle High German notten] nod "der n.

pad 2 ( p²d) v. pad·ded pad·ding pads v. intr. 1. To go about on foot. 2. To move or walk about almost inaudibly. v. tr. 1. To go along (a route) on foot: padding the long road into town. n. 1. A muffled sound resembling that of soft footsteps. 2. A horse with a plodding gait. [Probably of Low German origin akin to path] pad "der n.

pan·der ( p²n"d…r) v. intr. pan·dered pan·der·ing pan·ders 1. To act as a go-between or liaison in sexual intrigues; function as a procurer. 2. To cater to the lower tastes and desires of others or exploit their weaknesses: " He refused to pander to nostalgia and escapism " New York Times [Middle English Pandare Pandarus from Old Italian Pandaro from Latin Pandarus from Greek Pandaros] pan "der n.

pol·der ( p½l"d…r) n. 1. An area of low-lying land, especially in the Netherlands, that has been reclaimed from a body of water and is protected by dikes. [Dutch from Middle Dutch]

pon·der ( p¼n"d…r) v. pon·dered pon·der·ing pon·ders v. tr. 1. To weigh in the mind with thoroughness and care. v. intr. 1. To reflect or consider with thoroughness and care. [Middle English ponderen from Old French ponderer from Latin ponder³re;See (s)pen- in Indo-European Roots.] pon "der·er n.

Synonyms: ponder meditate deliberate ruminate mull muse These verbs mean to consider something carefully and at length. To ponder is to weigh in the mind with painstaking thoroughness and care: " He and the council had already pondered the list of members returned to the parliament " (John Morley). " The Doctor had been pondering, and had made up his mind to a certain course " (Henry Kingsley). Meditate implies serious consideration, as of undertaking a course of action or of implementing a plan; the term can also denote engagement in deep reflection: " The King struck the blow he had for some time meditated " (William E.H. Lecky). " He quitted her presence to meditate upon revenge " (Frederick Marryat). To deliberate is to think attentively and usually slowly, as about a choice or decision to be made: The jury deliberated for two days before returning a verdict. Ruminate and mull imply turning a matter over and over again in the mind: " The old warrior king was . . . ruminating on his gloomy fortunes " (Washington Irving). I sat mulling over my problem without finding a solution. To muse is to be absorbed in one's thoughts; the word often connotes an abstracted quality: " And musing there an hour alone,/I dreamed that Greece might still be free " (Byron).

(s)pen- . Important derivatives are: spider spin spindle pansy pendant 1 pension 1 pensive poise 1 append appendix compensate depend dispense expend penthouse perpendicular suspend span 1 pound 1 ponder spontaneous To draw, stretch, spin. I. Basic form *spen- . 1. Suffixed form *spen-wo- . a. SPIDER , SPIN , from Old English spinnan , to spin, and sp ºthra, spider, contracted from Germanic derivative *spin-thr ½n-, " the spinner "; b. SPINDLE , from Old English spinel , spindle, from Germanic derivative *spin-il ½n-. Both a and b from Germanic *spinnan , to spin. 2. Extended form *pend- . PAINTER 2 , ( PANSY ), PENCHANT , PENDANT 1 , PENDENTIVE , PENDULOUS , PENSILE , PENSION 1 , PENSIVE , PESO , POISE 1 ; ANTEPENDIUM , APPEND , ( APPENDIX ), AVOIRDUPOIS , COMPENDIUM , COMPENSATE , DEPEND , DISPENSE , EXPEND , IMPEND , ( PENTHOUSE ), PERPEND , PERPENDICULAR , PREPENSE , PROPEND , SUSPEND , VILIPEND , from Latin pend ¶re, to hang (intransitive), and pendere , to cause to hang, weigh, with its frequentative p ¶ns³re, to weigh, consider. 3. Perhaps suffixed form *pen-ya- . -PENIA , from Greek penia , lack, poverty ( < " a strain, exhaustion "). 4. GEOPONIC , LITHOPONE , from Greek ponos , toil, and ponein , to toil, o-grade derivatives of penesthai , to toil. II. O-grade forms *spon- , *pon- . 1. a. SPAN 2 , from Middle Dutch spannen , to bind; b. SPANNER , from Old High German spannan , to stretch. Both a and b from Germanic *spannan . 2. SPAN 1 , from Old English span(n) , distance, from Germanic *spanno- . 3. SPANGLE , from Middle Dutch spange , clasp, from Germanic *spang ½, perhaps from (s)pen- . 4. Suffixed and extended form *pond-o- . POUND 1 , from Latin pond ½, by weight. 5. Suffixed and extended form *pond-es- . PONDER , PONDEROUS ; EQUIPONDERATE , PREPONDERATE , from Latin pondus (stem ponder- ), weight, and its denominative ponder ³re, to weigh, ponder. 6. Suffixed o-grade form *spon-t- . SPONTANEOUS , from Latin sponte , of one's own accord, spontaneously, possibly from (s)pen- , but more likely to a homophonous Germanic verb *spanan , to entice. [ Pokorny (s)pen-(d)- 988. ]

pow·der ( pou"d…r) n. 1. A substance consisting of ground, pulverized, or otherwise finely dispersed solid particles. 2. Any of various preparations in the form of powder, as certain cosmetics and medicines. 3. An explosive mixture, such as gunpowder. 4. Light, dry snow. v. pow·dered pow·der·ing pow·ders v. tr. 1. To reduce to powder; pulverize. 2. To dust or cover with or as if with powder. 3. Slang To defeat handily or decisively. v. intr. 1. To become pulverized; turn into powder. 2. To use powder as a cosmetic.

Idioms: keep (one's) powder dry 1. To be ready for a challenge with little warning. take a powder 1. To make a quick departure; run away. [Middle English poudre from Old French from Latin pulvis pulver-] pow "der·er n.

raid ( r³d) n. 1. A surprise attack by a small armed force. 2. Sudden, forcible entry into a place by police: a raid on a gambling den. 3. An entrance into another's territory for the purpose of seizing goods or valuables. 4. A predatory operation mounted against a competitor, especially an attempt to lure away the personnel or membership of a competing organization. 5. An attempt to seize control of a company, as by acquiring a majority of its stock. 6. An attempt by speculators to drive stock prices down by coordinated selling. v. raid·ed raid·ing raids v. tr. 1. To make a raid on. v. intr. 1. To conduct a raid or participate in one. [Scots raid on horseback from Middle English rade from Old English r³d a riding, road; See reidh- in Indo-European Roots.] raid "er n.

Notes: The members of an army traveling on a particular road to carry out a raid probably would not draw a connection between the two words. However, raid and road descend from the same Old English word r ³d. The ai in raid represents the standard development in the northern dialects of Old English long a, while the oa in road represents the standard development of Old English long a in the rest of the English dialects. Old English r ³d meant " the act of riding " and " the act of riding with a hostile intent; that is, a raid, " senses that no longer exist for our word road. It was left to Sir Walter Scott to revive the Scots form raid with the sense " a military expedition on horseback. " The Scots weren't making all the raids, however. Others seem to have returned the favor, for we find these words in the Middle English Coventry Leet Book : " aftur a Rode . . . made uppon the Scottes at thende of this last somer. " The " Rode" was led by the non-Scottish Duke of Gloucester, who was later crowned as Richard III, and Henry Percy, Duke of Northumberland.

read·er ( r¶"d…r) n. 1. One that reads. 2. One who publicly recites literary works. 3. a. A person employed by a publisher to read and evaluate manuscripts. b. One who corrects printers' proofs; a proofreader. 4. A teaching assistant who reads and grades examination papers. 5. Chiefly British A university teacher, especially one ranking next below a professor. 6. a. A textbook of reading exercises. b. An anthology, especially a literary anthology. 7. A layperson or minor cleric who recites lessons or prayers in church services.

red ( rµd) n. 1. a. Color The hue of the long-wave end of the visible spectrum, evoked in the human observer by radiant energy with wavelengths of approximately 630 to 750 nanometers; any of a group of colors that may vary in lightness and saturation and whose hue resembles that of blood; one of the additive or light primaries; one of the psychological primary hues. b. A pigment or dye having a red hue. c. Something that has a red hue. 2. a. Often Red A Communist. b. A revolutionary activist. adj. red·der red·dest 1. Color Having a color resembling that of blood. 2. Reddish in color or having parts that are reddish in color: a red dog; a red oak. 3. a. Having a reddish or coppery skin color. b. Often Red Offensive Of or being a Native American. 4. Having a ruddy or flushed complexion: red with embarrassment. 5. Often Red Communist.

Idioms: in the red 1. Operating at a loss; in debt. [Middle English from Old English r¶ad;See reudh- in Indo-European Roots.] red "ly adv. red "ness n.

ren·der ( rµn"d…r) v. tr. ren·dered ren·der·ing ren·ders 1. To submit or present, as for consideration, approval, or payment: render a bill. 2. To give or make available; provide: render assistance. 3. To give what is due or owed: render thanks; rendered homage. 4. To give in return or retribution: He had to render an apology for his rudeness. 5. To surrender or relinquish; yield. 6. a. To represent in verbal form; depict: " Joyce has attempted . . . to render . . . what our participation in life is like " Edmund Wilson b. To represent in a drawing or painting, especially in perspective. 7. To perform an interpretation of (a musical piece, for example). 8. To express in another language or form; translate. 9. To deliver or pronounce formally: The jury has rendered its verdict. 10. To cause to become; make: The news rendered her speechless. 11. To reduce, convert, or melt down (fat) by heating. 12. To coat (brick, for example) with plaster or cement. n. 1. A payment in kind, services, or cash from a tenant to a feudal lord. [Middle English rendren from Old French rendre to give back from Vulgar Latin *rendere alteration of Latin reddere ( influenced by pr¶ndere to grasp) red-, re- re- dare to give; See d ½- in Indo-European Roots.] ren "der·a·ble adj. ren "der·er n.

d ½-. Important derivatives are: date add betray edition rent 1 surrender tradition traitor vend donation pardon endow dose antidote To give. I. Contracted from *do …-. 1. a. Zero-grade form *d …-. DADO , DATE 1 , DATIVE , DATUM , DIE 2 ; ADD , ( BETRAY ), EDITION , PERDITION , RENDER , ( RENT 1 ), ( SURRENDER ), TRADITION , ( TRAITOR ), ( TREASON ), VEND , from Latin dare , to give; b. (see 4 ) Greek dosis , something given. 2. Suffixed form *d ½-no-. DONATION , ( DONATIVE ), ( DONOR ); CONDONE , PARDON , from Latin d ½num, gift. 3. Suffixed form *d ½-t(i)-. a. DOT 2 , DOWAGER , DOWER , ( DOWRY ); ENDOW , from Latin d ½s (genitive d ½tis), dowry; b. DACHA , from Russian dacha , gift, dacha, from Slavic *datja ; c. SAMIZDAT , from Russian samizdat , samizdat, from dat' , to give. 4. Suffixed form *d ½-ro-. LOBSTER THERMIDOR , from Greek d ½ron, gift. 5. Reduplicated form *di-d ½-. DOSE ; ANECDOTE , ANTIDOTE , APODOSIS , EPIDOTE , from Greek didonai , to give, with zero-grade noun dosis ( < *d …-ti-), something given. [ Pokorny d ½- 223. ]

rid ( r¹d) v. tr. rid or rid·ded rid·ding rids 1. To free from: He was finally able to rid himself of all financial worries. [Middle English ridden from Old Norse rydhja to clear land from hrj½dha to strip, clear] rid "der n.

rud·der ( r¾d"…r) n. 1. a. Nautical A vertically hinged plate of metal, fiberglass, or wood mounted at the stern of a vessel for directing its course. b. A similar structure at the tail of an aircraft, used for effecting horizontal changes in course. 2. A controlling agent or influence over direction; a guide. [Middle English ruder from Old English r½ther steering oar; See er …- in Indo-European Roots.]

er …-. Important derivatives are: row 2 rudder To row. I. 1. Variant form *r ¶- ( < *re …-). a. ROW 2 , from Old English r ½wan, to row, from Germanic *r ½-; b. suffixed form *r ½-tro-. RUDDER , RUSSIAN , from Old English r ½ther and Old Norse r ½dhr, steering oar, both from Germanic *r ½thra, rudder; c. suffixed form *r ¶-smo-. BIREME , REMEX , TRIREME , from Latin r ¶mus, oar. 2. Oldest variant form * …re…- becoming *er ¶-. TRIERARCH , from Greek tri ¶r¶s, trireme. [ Pokorny 1. er …- 338. ]

sad ( s²d) adj. sad·der sad·dest 1. Affected or characterized by sorrow or unhappiness. 2. Expressive of sorrow or unhappiness. 3. Causing sorrow or gloom; depressing: a sad movie; sad news. 4. Deplorable; sorry: a sad state of affairs; a sad excuse. 5. Dark-hued; somber. [Middle English weary, sorrowful from Old English sæd sated, weary; See s ³- in Indo-European Roots.] sad "ly adv. sad "ness n.

Synonyms: sad melancholy sorrowful doleful woebegone desolate These adjectives all mean affected with or marked by unhappiness, as that caused by affliction. Sad is the most general: " Better by far you should forget and smile/Than that you should remember and be sad " (Christina Rossetti). Melancholy can refer to a lingering or habitual state of mind marked by somberness or sadness: The patient's face, though it was melancholy, brightened at the arrival of the guests. Sorrowful applies to mental pain such as that resulting from irreparable loss: " Even in laughter the heart is sorrowful " (Proverbs 14:13). Doleful describes what is mournful, morose, or gloomy: The chastised child looked at her father with a pathetic, doleful expression. Woebegone suggests grief or wretchedness, especially as it is reflected in a person's appearance: " His sorrow . . . made him look . . . haggard and . . . woebegone " (George du Maurier). Desolate applies to one that is sorrowful to the point of being beyond consolation: " No one is so accursed by fate,/No one so utterly desolate,/But some heart, though unknown,/Responds unto his own " (Henry Wadsworth Longfellow).

sand·er ( s²n"d…r) n. 1. One that sands, especially: a. A device that spreads sand on roads. b. Such a device together with the truck that carries it. c. A machine having a powered abrasive-covered disk or belt, used for smoothing or polishing surfaces: a floor sander.

seed·er ( s¶"d…r) n. 1. A machine or an implement used for planting seeds. 2. A machine or implement used to remove the seeds from fruit. 3. One that seeds clouds.

send 1 ( sµnd) v. sent ( sµnt) send·ing sends v. tr. 1. To cause to be conveyed by an intermediary to a destination: send goods by plane. 2. To dispatch, as by a communications medium: send a message by radio. 3. a. To direct to go on a mission: sent troops into the Middle East. b. To require or enable to go: sent her children to college. c. To direct (a person) to a source of information; refer: sent the student to the reference section of the library. 4. a. To give off (heat, for example); emit or issue: a stove that sends forth great warmth. b. To utter or otherwise emit (sound): sent forth a cry of pain. 5. To hit so as to direct or propel with force; drive: The batter sent the ball to left field. The slap on my back sent me staggering. 6. To cause to take place or occur: We will meet whatever vicissitudes fate may send. 7. a. To put or drive into a given state or condition: horrifying news that sent them into a panic. b. Slang To transport with delight; carry away: That music really sends me. v. intr. 1. To dispatch someone to do an errand or convey a message: Let's send out for hamburgers. 2. To dispatch a request or an order, especially by mail: send away for a new catalogue. 3. To transmit a message or messages: The radio operator was still sending when the ship went down.

Phrasal Verbs: send down Chiefly British 1. To suspend or dismiss from a university. send for 1. To request to come by means of a message or messenger; summon. send in 1. To cause to arrive or to be delivered to the recipient: Let's send in a letter of protest. 2. Sports To put (a player) into or back into a game or contest: The coach is sending in the kicker. 3. To cause (someone) to arrive in or become involved in a particular place or situation: The commander sent in the sappers. It's time to send in the lawyers. send up Informal 1. To send to jail: was sent up for 20 years. 2. To make a parody of: " grandiloquently eccentric but witty verbiage . . . that would send up the nastiness of suburban London " New York

Idioms: send flying Informal 1. To cause to be knocked or scattered about with force: a blow to the table that sent the dishes flying. send packing 1. To dismiss (someone) abruptly. [Middle English senden from Old English sendan; See sent- in Indo-European Roots.] send "er n.

Synonyms: send dispatch forward route ship transmit The central meaning shared by these verbs is " to cause to go or be taken to a destination ": sent the package by parcel post; dispatched a union representative to the factory; forwarding the mail to their new address; routed the soldiers through New York; shipping oil in tankers; transmitting money by cable.

shade ( sh³d) n. 1. Light diminished in intensity as a result of the interception of the rays; partial darkness. 2. An area or a space of partial darkness. 3. Cover or shelter provided by interception by an object of the sun or its rays. 4. Any of various devices used to reduce or screen light or heat. 5. shades Slang Sunglasses. 6. Relative obscurity. 7. shades Dark shadows gathering at dusk: " The shades of night are falling fast " Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 8. The part of a picture or photograph depicting darkness or shadow. 9. The degree to which a color is mixed with black or is decreasingly illuminated; gradation of darkness. 10. A slight difference or variation; a nuance: shades of meaning. 11. A small amount; a trace: detected a shade of bitterness in her remarks. 12. A disembodied spirit; a ghost. 13. shades A present reminder of a person or situation in the past: shades of my high-school days. v. shad·ed shad·ing shades v. tr. 1. To screen from light or heat. 2. To obscure or darken. 3. To cause shade in or on. 4. a. To represent degrees of shade or shadow in: shade a drawing. b. To produce (gradations of light or color) in a drawing or picture. 5. To change or vary by slight degrees: shade the meaning. 6. To make a slight reduction in: shade prices. v. intr. 1. To pass from one quality, color, or thing to another by very slight changes or degrees. [Middle English from Old English sceadu] shad "er n.

Synonyms: shade penumbra shadow umbra umbrage The central meaning shared by these nouns is " an area of comparative darkness resulting from the blocking of light rays ": sitting in the shade; Earth's penumbra; in the shadow of the curtains; the umbra beyond the footlights; sheltered in the umbrage of a rain forest. nuance

slid·er ( slº"d…r) n. 1. One that slides: The snowy hill was filled with young sliders. 2. Baseball A fast pitch that breaks in the same direction as a curve ball at the last moment.

snide ( snºd) adj. snid·er snid·est 1. Derogatory in a malicious, superior way; sarcastic. [Origin unknown] snide "ly adv. snide "ness n.

sol·der ( s¼d"…r) n. 1. Any of various fusible alloys, usually tin and lead, used to join metallic parts. 2. Something that joins or cements. v. sol·dered sol·der·ing sol·ders v. tr. 1. To serve as a bond between; join. v. intr. 1. To unite or repair things with solder. 2. To be joined by or as if by solder. [Middle English soudur from Old French soudure, soldure from souder, soulder to solder from Latin solid³re to make solid from solidus solid; See solid ] sol "der·er n.

spade 1 ( sp³d) n. 1. A sturdy digging tool having a thick handle and a heavy, flat blade that can be pressed into the ground with the foot. 2. Any of various similar digging or cutting tools. v. tr. spad·ed spad·ing spades 1. To dig or cut with a spade. [Middle English from Old English spadu] spad "er n.

spi·der ( spº"d…r) n. 1. Any of numerous arachnids of the order Araneae, having a body divided into a cephalothorax bearing eight legs, two poison fangs, and two feelers and an unsegmented abdomen bearing several spinnerets that produce the silk used to make nests, cocoons, or webs for trapping insects. 2. One that resembles a spider, as in appearance, character, or movement. 3. New England Upper Northern U.S. South Atlantic U.S. See frying pan . See note at frying pan . 4. A trivet. [Middle English spither from Old English spºthra;See (s)pen- in Indo-European Roots.]

(s)pen- . Important derivatives are: spider spin spindle pansy pendant 1 pension 1 pensive poise 1 append appendix compensate depend dispense expend penthouse perpendicular suspend span 1 pound 1 ponder spontaneous To draw, stretch, spin. I. Basic form *spen- . 1. Suffixed form *spen-wo- . a. SPIDER , SPIN , from Old English spinnan , to spin, and sp ºthra, spider, contracted from Germanic derivative *spin-thr ½n-, " the spinner "; b. SPINDLE , from Old English spinel , spindle, from Germanic derivative *spin-il ½n-. Both a and b from Germanic *spinnan , to spin. 2. Extended form *pend- . PAINTER 2 , ( PANSY ), PENCHANT , PENDANT 1 , PENDENTIVE , PENDULOUS , PENSILE , PENSION 1 , PENSIVE , PESO , POISE 1 ; ANTEPENDIUM , APPEND , ( APPENDIX ), AVOIRDUPOIS , COMPENDIUM , COMPENSATE , DEPEND , DISPENSE , EXPEND , IMPEND , ( PENTHOUSE ), PERPEND , PERPENDICULAR , PREPENSE , PROPEND , SUSPEND , VILIPEND , from Latin pend ¶re, to hang (intransitive), and pendere , to cause to hang, weigh, with its frequentative p ¶ns³re, to weigh, consider. 3. Perhaps suffixed form *pen-ya- . -PENIA , from Greek penia , lack, poverty ( < " a strain, exhaustion "). 4. GEOPONIC , LITHOPONE , from Greek ponos , toil, and ponein , to toil, o-grade derivatives of penesthai , to toil. II. O-grade forms *spon- , *pon- . 1. a. SPAN 2 , from Middle Dutch spannen , to bind; b. SPANNER , from Old High German spannan , to stretch. Both a and b from Germanic *spannan . 2. SPAN 1 , from Old English span(n) , distance, from Germanic *spanno- . 3. SPANGLE , from Middle Dutch spange , clasp, from Germanic *spang ½, perhaps from (s)pen- . 4. Suffixed and extended form *pond-o- . POUND 1 , from Latin pond ½, by weight. 5. Suffixed and extended form *pond-es- . PONDER , PONDEROUS ; EQUIPONDERATE , PREPONDERATE , from Latin pondus (stem ponder- ), weight, and its denominative ponder ³re, to weigh, ponder. 6. Suffixed o-grade form *spon-t- . SPONTANEOUS , from Latin sponte , of one's own accord, spontaneously, possibly from (s)pen- , but more likely to a homophonous Germanic verb *spanan , to entice. [ Pokorny (s)pen-(d)- 988. ]